Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy: modeling optic nerve injury in the context of closed head trauma

Traumatic optic neuropathy: Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in the United States. It impacts people of all ages and demographics, particularly younger males and members of the military. Vision loss is commonly associated with traumatic brain injuries of all severities and can leave patients permanently disabled. This vision loss can be caused by injury to the visual system at multiple levels, including the eyes, optic nerves, and many different sites in the brain and brainstem (Sen, 2017). Despite the far-reaching effects of visual impairment after traumatic brain injury, its incidence after traumatic brain injury is not well measured, and few successful treatments have been identified or implemented