Cystatin C Induces Insulin Resistance in Hippocampal Neurons and Promotes Cognitive Dysfunction in Rodents

Cystatin C impairs insulin signal transduction in the hippocampus and promotes cognitive dysfunction. A The relative mRNA levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3. 18S rRNA was used as a house-keeping gene. B Western blots of the protein levels using the indicated antibodies. C Quantification of immunoblots as shown in B. D Morris water maze analysis showing impaired spatial and learning memory in CysC-treated mice. E CysC administration affects swimming behavior. Values are presented as mean ± SEM from two independent experiments (n = 10; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated mice)