Developmental programming of obesity by maternal exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 is maternally transmitted into the third generation in a mouse model

Maternal pre-conception exposure to CAP is sufficient to decrease offspring’s birth weight and increase adulthood adiposity. a Exposure scheme: E, start of exposure; P, presence of sperm plug; L1, birth of litter one; L2, birth of litter two; L3, birth of litter three. b. The birth weight of male F1 offspring. n？=？20–33/group. c The birth weight of female F1 offspring. n？=？9–35/group. d The growth trajectory of male F1 offspring. e The growth trajectory of female F1 offspring. f and g. The representative histological (H&E staining) images (f) and adipocyte size (g) of male F1 offspring’s perigonadal adipose tissues obtained using ImageJ. h and i. The representative histological (H&E staining) images (h) and adipocyte size (I) of female F1 offspring’s perigonadal adipose tissues obtained using ImageJ. n？=？12–30/group, *p？<？0.05 versus FA, one-way or two-way ANOV