Risk stratification by means of biological age-related factors better predicts cancer-specific survival than chronological age in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multi-institutional database study

Chronological age is an important factor in determining the treatment options and clinical response of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Much evidence suggests that chronological age alone is an inadequate indicator to predict the clinical response to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU)