Alternaria host-specific (HSTs) toxins: An overview of chemical characterization, target sites, regulation and their toxic effects

DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.021

Keywords: SMs, secondary metabolites, HSTs, host specific toxins, nHSTs, non-host specific toxins, TEN, tentoxin, AOH, alternariol, AME, alternariol 9-monomethyl ether, ALT, alternuene, TeA, tenuazonic acid, ATX, alterotoxin, DHT, dihydrotentoxin, PKS, polyketide synthase gene, PCD, programmed cell death, NO, nitric oxide, ROS, reactive oxygen species, HR, hypersensitive response, H2O2, hydrogen peroxide, 1O2, singlet oxygen, O2˙ˉ, superoxide anion, ˙OH, hydroxyl radical, SOD, superoxide dismutase, GPX, guaiacol peroxidase, CAT, catalase, GR, glutathione reductase, APX, ascorbate peroxidase, MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase, GSH, glutathione, AA, ascorbic acid, CDCs, conditionally dispensable chromosomes, REMI, restriction enzyme-mediated integration, NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase, UGT, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases Alternaria species, Secondary metabolites, Pathogenicity, Host-specific toxins, Non-host-specific toxins

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