Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy & surgical menopause for inherited risks of cancer: the need to identify biomarkers to assess the theoretical risk of premature coronary artery disease

Estrogen binding to its receptors activate signaling pathways that promote cell division & proliferation in breast cancer cells (a), and that regulate vasodilation & HSP27 release in the cardiovascular system (b). E2: estrogen, ER: estrogen receptor, Cas9: caspase 9, eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, HSP27: heat shock protein 27. [34–36, 57, 68, 94