Comparative assessment of manual, rotary and reciprocating instruments for removal of root fillings, using stereomicroscope: An in vitro study

Background: Persistence of microorganism necessitates root canal retreatment. Retreatment requires complete removal of the root canal filling material, followed be further shaping, cleaning and reobturation. This in vitro study addressed the comparative evaluation of the efficacy of root canal filling material removal with different file systems