中国农村互助型社会养老的类型与运行机制探析
MutualAid Social Care System for Older People in Rural China

摘要 农村互助型社会养老是对农村传统非正式互助的正式化、组织化、规范化，是对农村家庭养老的重要补充，是农村社会养老发展的务实选择。动员社会资金和闲置人力资源，低成本地提供互助服务是其重点，资金、组织、服务、评估是其可持续运行的关键部分。以资金为划分标准，互助型社区居家养老包括纯公益型和福利+公益型，互助型集中养老包括纯公益型、纯福利型、市场+型。目前突出问题表现为重设施轻培育，忽视资金互助的基础作用等。社区居家互助面临娱乐—照料服务的转型瓶颈；集中互助需要开源节流、降低成本；一些特殊的互助养老形式需要给予定位和扶持。建议拓宽资金互助渠道、培育农村互助养老组织、扩大农村互助养老内容、推动互助机制介入集中养老等。
Abstract：Rural mutualaid social care system for the elderly develops from the traditional informal mutualaid network, complementing homebased care for the older people. The key point is to provide mutualaid services at a low cost by attracting social investment and human resources. Also, the sustainability of mutualaid social care system relies on investment, organized operation, services and regular evaluation. Based on the sources of investment, the mutualaid communitybased care can be divided into two types: a pure public welfare type and a welfare plus public welfare type. The mutualaid centralized care involves three types: a pure public welfare type, a pure welfare type and a market + type. Currently a prominent problem of the rural mutualaid care is the ignorance of service cultivation and mutual financial assistance. For the mutualaid communitybased care, the services should transit from providing entertainment to providing care. The mutualaid centralized care needs to attract more investment and reduce the cost. Some special forms of mut