Dietary patterns of households in Scotland: Differences by level of deprivation and associations with dietary goals

Foods tend to be consumed in combinations, and dietary pattern analysis and diet-quality scores are often more appropriate methods of assessing overall diet quality than is intakes of individual foods or nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary patterns from the food and drink purchases of households in Scotland, and to identify any dietary patterns that were associated with closer adherence to the Revised Dietary Goals for Scotland (RDGS). We carried out a cross-sectional study of estimated food and drink intakes using Kantar WorldPanel household purchase data in Scotland collected during 2012. The amounts of food and drink purchased were converted to estimated amounts available for consumption per person by adjusting for household waste, household size and composition (n = 720). Dietary patterns were identified using principal components analysis. A Diet Quality Index (DQI), based on the RDGS, was calculated. The mean DQI score was low at 38 out of a possible maximum of 100, indicating that, on average, few of the dietary goals were being met. Six dietary patterns were identified, which explained 35% of the total variance in estimated food and drink intake. Three dietary patterns showed statistically significant associations with lower DQI scores (less healthy diets), and one with significantly higher DQI scores (healthier diets). Investigating dietary patterns to show which foods tend to be purchased together may assist in targeting dietary habits by focussing on key food groups, and in gaining the greatest improvement in diet quality from the most achievable change in diet