Kinorhyncha is exclusively marine,
holobenthic, free-living, meiofaunal species found in all marine habitats in
the world. However, information on geographical distribution and taxonomical
distributional status of Kinorhyncha are needed further understanding. This
research article presents a compiled, up-to-date checklist of the Phylum
Kinorhyncha based on bibliographical survey and revision of taxon names.
Present checklist of this phylum comprises 271 species belonging to 30 genera
and 13 families. The families are distributed under three orders, Echinorhagata
Sorensen et al. 2015, Kentrorhagata Sorensen et al. 2015, Xenosomata Zelinka,
1907. Among the 271 valid species, in the last five years 82 new species
emerged, two new orders and three families were described. It also includes
nine new genera. This checklist could serve as a valuable tool to encourage
comparison of inter and intraregional research on Kinorhyncha as well as it
can be used as baseline data for future taxonomical revision.
References
[1]
Neuhaus, B. (2013) Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Ed., Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 181-348. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272536.181
[2]
Horn, T.D. (1978) The Distribution of Echinoderes coulli (Kinorhyncha) along an Interstitial Salinity Gradient. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 97, 586-589. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226174
[3]
Dujardin, F. (1851) Observations zoologies I. Sur un petit animal marin, l’Echinodère, formant un type intermédiaire entre les Crustacés et les Vers. Annales des sciences naturelles, Zoologie, Ser 3, 15, 158-160.
[4]
Zelinka, C. (1894) über die Organisation von Echinoderes. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 4, 46-49.
[5]
Zelinka, C. (1896) Demonstration von Tafeln der Echinoderes-Monographie. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 6, 197-199.
[6]
Zelinka, C. (1907) Zur Kenntnis der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32, 130-136.
[7]
Zelinka, C. (1908) Zur Anatomie der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Ameiger, 33, 629-647.
[8]
Zelinka, C. (1912) Die Spermatozoen der Echinoderen und ihre Genese. In: Stummer-Traunfels, R.R.V., Ed., Verhandlungen des VIII. Internationalen Zoologen-Kongresses zu Graz, Gustav Fischer, Jena, 520-527.
[9]
Zelinka, C. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
[10]
Reinhard, Z. (1885) Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), leur structure anatomique et leur place dans le systeme. Travaux de la Societe des naturalistes a l’Universite Imperiale de Kharkow, 19, 205-305.
[11]
Reinhard, W. (1887) Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), ihr anatomischer Bau und ihre Stellung im System. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftlicheZoologie, 45, 401-467.
[12]
Higgins, R.P. (1960) A New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from Puget Sound. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 79, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3223976
[13]
Higgins, R.P. (1961) Three New Homalorhagid Kinorhynchs from the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell ScientificSociety, 77, 81-88.
[14]
Higgins, R.P. (1964) Three New Kinorhyncha from the North Carolina Coast. Bulletin of Marine Science, 14, 479-493.
[15]
Higgins, R.P. (1964) Redescription of the Kinorhynch Echinoderes remanei (Blake, 1930) Karling, 1954. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 83, 243-247. https://doi.org/10.2307/3224573
[16]
Higgins, R.P. (1966) Echinoderes arlis, a New Kinorhynch from the Arctic Ocean Pacific. Science, 20, 518-520.
[17]
Higins, R.P. (1966) Faunistic Studies in the Red Sea (in Winter, 1961-1962). Part II: Kinorhynchs from the Area of Al-Ghardaqa Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 93, 118-126.
[18]
Higgins, R.P. (1967) The Kinorhyncha of New-Calcdunia. In: Expedition Francaise sur recifs coralliens de la Nouvelle Caledonia, Editions de la Fondation Singcr-Polignac, Paris, Vol. 2, 75-90.
[19]
Higgins, R.P. (1968) Taxonomy and Postembryonic Development of the Cryptorhagae, a New Suborder for the Mesopsammic Kinorhynch Genus Cateria. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 87, 21-39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3224334
[20]
Higgins, R.P. (1969) Indian Ocean Kinorhyncha: 1, Condyloderes and Sphenoderes, New Cyclorhagid Genera. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 14, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.14
[21]
Higgins, R.P. (1969) Indian Ocean Kinorhyncha, 2: Neocentrophyidae, a New Homalorhagid Family. Proceedings of the BiologicalSociety of Washington, 87, 113-128.
[22]
Higgins, R.P. (1977) Two New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 96, 340-354. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225864
[23]
Higgins, R.P. (1977) Redescription of Echinoderes dujardinii (Kinorhyncha) with Descriptions of Closely Related Species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 248, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.248
[24]
Higgins, R.P. (1978) Echinoderes gerardi n.sp. and E. riedli (Kinorhyncha) from the Gulf of Tunis. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 97, 171-180. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225589
[25]
Higgins, R.P. (1982) Three New Species of Kinorhyncha from Bermuda. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 104, 305-316. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225748
[26]
Higgins, R.P. (1983) The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, II: Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 1-138. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.01960768.18.1
[27]
Higgins, R.P. (1985) The Genus Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the English Channel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association, 65, 785-800. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400052590
[28]
Higgins, R.P. (1986) A New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from a Coarse-Sand California Beach. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 105, 266-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226298
[29]
Higgins, R.P. (1986) Kinorhyncha. In: Botosaneanu, L., Ed., Stygofauna Mundi. A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna Inhabiting Subterranean Waters (Including the Marine Interstitial), E.J. Brill & Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, 110-118.
[30]
Higgins, R.P. (1990) Zelinkaderidae, a New Family of Cyclorhagid Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 500, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.500
[31]
Higgins, R.P. (1991) Pycnophyes chukchiensis, a New Homalorhagid Kinorhynch from the Arctic Sea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 104, 184-188.
[32]
Brown, R. and Higgins, R.P. (1983) A New Species of Kmorhynchus (Homalorhagida, Pycnophyidae) from Australia with a Redescription and Range Extension of Other Kinorhyncha from the South Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 12, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1983.tb00561.x
[33]
Higgins, R.P. and Korczynski, R.E. (1989) Two New Species of Pycnophyes (Homalorhagida, Kmorhyncha) from the Canadian Coast of the Beaufort Sea. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2056-2064. https://doi.org/10.1139/z89-293
[34]
Higgins, R.P. and Rao, G.C. (1979) Kinorhynchs from the Andaman Islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 67, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01106.x
[35]
Higgins, R.P. and Kristensen, R.M. (1988) Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 458, 1-56. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.458
[36]
Higgins, R.P. and Shirayama, Y. (1990) Dracoderidae, a New Family of the Cyclorhagid Kinorhyncha from the Inland Sea of Japan. Zoological Science, 7, 939-946.
[37]
Higgins, R.P. and Adrianov, A.V. (1991) Kinorhyncha from the Black Sea Redescription of Kinorhynchus paraneapolitanus. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 110, 328-336. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226769
[38]
Adrianov, A.V. and Higgins, R.P. (1996) Pycnophyes parasanmansis, a New Kinorhynch (Kinorhyncha. Homalorhagida Pycnophyidae) from San Juan Island. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 109, 236-247.
[39]
Pardos, F., Higgins, R.P. and Benito, J. (1998) Two New Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from Spain, Including a Reevaluation of Kinorhynch Taxonomiccharacters. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 237, 195-208.
[40]
Martorelli, S. and Higgins, R.P. (2004) Kinorhyncha from the Stomach of the Shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888) from Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 243, 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2004.07.003
[41]
Neuhaus, B., Pardos, F., Sorensen, M.V. and Higgins, R.P. (2013) Redescription, Morphology, and Biogeography of Centroderes Spinosus (Reinhard, 1881) (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 109-131.
[42]
Neuhaus, B. and Blasche, T. (2006) Fissuroderes, a New Genus of Kmorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the Deep Sea and Continental Shelf of New Zealand and from the Continental Shelf of Costa Rica. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 245, 19-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.03.003
[43]
Sorensen, M.V. (2007) A New Species of Antygomonas (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Atlantic Coast of Florida, USA. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 48, 155-168.
[44]
Sorensen, M.V., Heiner, I., Ziemer, O. and Neuhaus, B. (2007) Tubulideres seminoli gen. et sp. nov. and Zelinkaderes brightae sp. nov. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from Florida. Helgoland Marine Research, 61, 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-007-0073-8
[45]
GáOrdónez, D., Pardos, F. and Benito, J. (2008) Three New Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from North Spain, with New Evolutionary Aspects in the Genus. Zoologischee Anzeiger, 247, 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2007.07.001
[46]
Sorensen, M.V., Heiner, I. and Hansen, J.G. (2009) A Comparative Morphological Study of the Kinorhynch Genera Antygomonasand Semnoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Helgoland Marine Research, 63, 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-008-0132-9
[47]
Sorensen, M.V., Accogli, G. and Hansen, J.G. (2010) Postembryonic Development of Antygomonas incomitata (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). The Journal of Morphology, 271, 863-882. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10844
[48]
Sorensen, M.V., Rho, H.S. and Kim, D. (2010) A New Species of Condyloderes (Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from Korea. Zoological Science, 27, 234-242. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.234
[49]
Sorensen, M.V., Pardos, F., Herranz, M. and Rho, H.S. (2010) New Data on the Genus Paracentrophyes (Homalorhagida, Kinorhyncha), with the Description of a New Species from the West Pacific. The Open Zoology Journal, 3, 42-59. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601003010042
[50]
Sorensen, M.V., Rho, H.S. and Kim, D. (2010) A New Species of the Rare Genus Sphenoderes (Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha), with Differential Notes on S. indicus Higgins, 1969. Marine Biology Research, 6, 472-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000903334702
[51]
Sorensen, M.V. and Thormar, J. (2010) Wollunquaderes majkenae gen. et sp. nov. a New Cyclorhagid Kinorhynch Genus and Species from the Coral Sea, Australia. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0048-x
[52]
Sorensen, M.V., Rho, H.S., Min, W.G., Kim, D. and Chang, C.Y. (2012) An Exploration of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Korean and Neighboring Waters, with the Description of Four New Species and a Redescription of E. tchefouensis Lou, 1934. Zootaxa, 3368, 161-196. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.8
[53]
Sánchez, N., Pardos, F., Herranz, M. and Benito, J. (2011) Pycnophyes dolichurus sp. nov. and P. aulacodes sp. nov. (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida, Pycnophyidae), Two New Kinorhynchs from Spain with a Reevaluation of Homalorhagid Taxonomic Characters. Helgoland Marine Research, 65, 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-010-0226-z
[54]
Sánchez, N., Herranz, M., Benito, J. and Pardos, F. (2012) Kinorhyncha from the Iberian Peninsula: New Data from the First Intensive Sampling Campaigns. Zootaxa, 3402, 24-44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3402.1.2
[55]
Herranz, M., Thormar, J., Benito, J., Sánchez, N. and Pardos, F. (2012) Meristoderes gen. nov., a New Kinorhynch Genus, with the Description of Two New Species and Their Implications for Echinoderid Phylogeny (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 251, 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2011.08.004
[56]
Herranz, M., Sánchez, N., Pardos, F. and Higgins, R.P. (2013) New Kinorhyncha from Florida Coastal Waters. Helgoland Marine Research, 68, 59-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-013-0369-9
[57]
Zotto, M.D., Di Domenico, M., Garraffoni, A. and Sorensen, M.V. (2013) Franciscideres gen. nov. a New, Highly Aberrant Kinorhynch Genus from Brazil, with an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Position. Systematics and Biodiversity, 11, 303-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2013.819045
[58]
Sorensen, M.V. (2014) First Account of Echinoderid Kinorhynchs from Brazil, with the Description of Three New Species. Marine Biodiversity, 4, 251-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0181-4
[59]
Herranz, M. and Pardos, F. (2013) Fissuroderes sorenseni sp. nov. and Meristoderes boylei sp. nov. First Atlantic Recording of Two Rare Kinorhynch Genera, with New Identification Keys. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 253, 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2013.09.005
[60]
Sánchez, N., Rho, H.S., Min, W.G., Kim, D. and Sorensen, M.V. (2013) Four New Species of Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida) from Korea and the East China Sea. Scientia Marina, 77, 353-380. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03769.15A
[61]
Thomsen, V.G., Rho, H.S., Kim, D. and Sorensen, M.V. (2013) A New Species of Dracoderes (Kinorhyncha: Dracoderidae) from Korea Provides Further Support for a Dracoderid-Homalorhagid Relationship. Zootaxa, 3682, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.6
[62]
Sánchez, N., Herranz, M., Benito, J. and Pardos, F. (2014) Pycnophyes almansae sp. nov. and Pycnophyes lageria sp. nov., Two New Homalorhagid Kinorhynchs (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida) from the Iberian Peninsula, with Special Focus on Introvert Features. Marine Biology Research, 10, 17-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2013.793804
[63]
Sánchez, N., Pardos, F. and Sorensen, M.V. (2014) A New Kinorhynch Genus, Mixtophyes (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida), from the Guinea Basin Deep-Sea, with New Data on the Family Neocentrophyidae. Helgoland Marine Research, 68, 221-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-014-0383-6
[64]
Sánchez, N., Pardos, F. and Sorensen, M.V. (2014) Deep-Sea Kinorhyncha: Two New Species from the Guinea Basin, with Evaluation of an Unusual Male Feature. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 14, 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-014-0182-6
[65]
Neuhaus, B., Pardos, F., Sorensen, M.V. and Higgins, R.P. (2014) New Species of Centroderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, Life Cycle, and Ground Pattern of the Genus. Zootaxa, 3901, 1-69. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3901.1.1
[66]
Yamasaki, H. and Fujimoto, S. (2014) Two New Species in the Echinoderes coulli Group (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. ZooKeys, 382, 2752. http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3386 https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.382.6761
[67]
Yamasaki, H. (2015) Two New Species of Dracoderes (Kinorhyncha: Dracoderidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with a Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus. Zootaxa, 3980, 359-378. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3980.3.2
[68]
Altenburger, A., Rho, H.S., Chang, C.Y. and Sorensen, M.V. (2015) Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. from Korea—The First Recording of Zelinkaderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Asia. Zoological Studies, 54, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40555-014-0103-6
[69]
Zotto, M.D. (2015) Antygomonas caeciliae, a New Kinorhynch from the Mediterranean Sea, with Report of Mitochondrial Genetic Data for the Phylum. Marine Biology Research, 11, 689-702.
[70]
Adrianov, A.V. and Maiorova, A.S. (2016) Condyloderes kurilensis sp. nov. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) a New Deep Water Species from the Abyssal Plain near the Kuril_Kamchatka Trench. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 42, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074016010028
[71]
Landers, S.C. and Sorensen, M.V. (2016) Two New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida), E. romanoi sp. n. and E. joyceae sp. n., from the Gulf of Mexico. Zoo Keys, 594, 51-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.594.8623
[72]
Sorensen, M.V., Gasiorowski, L., Randso, P.V., Sánchez, N. and Neves, R.C. (2016) First Report of Kinorhynchs from Singapore, with the Description of Three New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 64, 3-27.
[73]
Yamasaki, H. (2016) Two New Echinoderes Species (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from Nha Trang, Vietnam. Zoological Studies, 55, 32.
[74]
Yildiz, N.O., Sorensen, M.V. and Karaytug, S. (2016) A New Species of Cephalorhyncha Adrianov, 1999 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Aegean Coast of Turkey. Helgoland Marine Research, 70, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10152-016-0476-5
[75]
Sánchez, N., García-Herrero, A., García-Gómez, G. and Pardos, F. (2017) A New Species of the Recently Established Genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida) from the Mediterranean with an Identification Key. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0651-1
[76]
Sorensen, M.V., Rohal, M. and Thistle, D. (2018) Deep-Sea Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy, 456, 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.456
[77]
Yamasaki, H. (2016) Ryuguderes iejimaensis, a New Genus and Species of Campyloderidae (Xenosomata: Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from a Submarine Cave in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger—A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 265, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.02.003
[78]
Sorensen, M.V. and Landers, S.C. (2017) New Species of Semnoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Kentrorhagata) from the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 327-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0728-x
[79]
Yamasaki, H., Neuhaus, B. and George, K.H. (2018) New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Mediterranean Seamounts and from the Deep-Sea Floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Including Notes on Two Undescribed Species. Zootaxa, 4387, 541-566. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.8
[80]
Yamasaki, H., Grzelak, K., Sorensen, M.V., Neuhaus, B. and George, K.H. (2018) Echinoderes pterus sp. n. Showing a Geographically and Bathymetrically Wide Distribution Pattern on Seamounts and on the Deep-Sea Floor in the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). ZooKeys, 771, 15-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.771.25534
[81]
Yamasaki, H., Neuhaus, B. and George, K.H. (2018) Three New Species of Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Two Seamounts and the Adjacent Deep-Sea Floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 59, 79-106.
Yamasaki, H., Hiruta, S.F. and Kajihara, H. (2013) Molecular Phylogeny of Kinorhynchs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.016
[84]
Sorensen, M.V., Zotto, D.M., Rho, H.S., Herranz, M., Sánchez, N., Pardos, F., et al. (2015) Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha Based on Morphology and Two Molecular Loci. PLoS ONE, 10, e0133440. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133440
[85]
ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/Reference.aspx?id=5932
Yamasaki, H., Kajihara, H. and Mawatari, S.F. (2012) First Report of Kinorhynchs from Hokkaido, Japan, Including a New Species of Pycnophyes (Pycnophyidae: Homalorhagida). Zootaxa, 3425, 23-41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3425.1.2
[88]
Huys, R. and Coomans, A. (1989) Echinoderes higginsisp n (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from the Southern North Sea with a Key to the Genus Echinoderes Clapardde. Zoologica Scripta, 18, 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00446.x
[89]
Murakami, C., Adrianov, A.V. and Shirayama, Y. (2001) Taxonomic Study of the Kinorhyncha in Japan. I Pycnophyetsu Tubuliferus Adrianov, 1989 (Kinorhyncha Homnalorhagida) from Japan. Publication Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 39, 113-127. https://doi.org/10.5134/176298
[90]
Adrianov, A.V. and Malakhov, V.V. (1999) Cephalorhyncha of the World Ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 1-400.
[91]
Sánchez, N. (2015) Advances in the Systematics and Phylogeny of Allomalorhagidkinorhynchs (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida). PhD Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1-281.
[92]
Adrianov, A.V., Murakami, C. and Shirayama, Y. (2002) Echinoderes aureusn. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honsyu Island), Japan, with a Key to Thegenus Echinoderes. Species Divers, 7, 47-66. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.7.47
[93]
Yamasaki, H., Hiruta, S.F., Kajihara, H. and Dick, M.H. (2014) Two Kinorhynch Species (Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae, Echinoderes) Show Different Distribution Patterns across Tsugaru Strait, Northern Japan. Zoological Science, 31, 421-429. https://doi.org/10.2108/zs140011
[94]
Sánchez, N. and Yamasaki, H. (2016) Two New Pycnophyidae Species (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from Japan Lacking Ventral Tubes in Males. Zoologischer Anzeiger: A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 265, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.001
[95]
Sorensen, M.V., Rho, H.S., Min, W., Kim, D. and Chang, C.Y. (2013) Occurrence of the Newly Described Kinorhynch Genus Meristoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) in Korea, with the Description of Four New Species. Helgoland Marine Research, 67, 291-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-012-0323-2
[96]
Sorensen, M.V., Herranz, M., Rho, H.S., Min, W., Yamasaki, H., Sánchez, N. and Pardos, F. (2012) On the Genus Dracoderes Higgins & Shirayama, 1990 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) with a Redescription of Its Type Species, D. abei, and a Description of a New Species from Spain. Marine Biology Research, 8, 210-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.615328
[97]
Lemburg, C. (2002) A New Kinorhynch Pycnophyes australensis sp. n. (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida: Pycnophyidae) from Magnetic Island, Australia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241, 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1078/S0044-5231(04)70072-8
[98]
Sorensen, M.V. and Landers, S.C. (2014) Two New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Frontiers in Marine Science, 1, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00008
[99]
Zotto, M.D. and Todaro, M.A. (2016) Kinorhyncha from Italy, a Revision of the Current Checklist and an Account of the Recent Investigations. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 90-107.
[100]
Lundbye, H., Rho, H.S. and Sorensen, M.V. (2011) Echinoderes rex n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), the Largest Echinoderes Species Found So Far. Scientia Marina, 75, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n1041
[101]
Pardos, F., Sánchez, N. and Herranz, M. (2016) Two Sides of a Coin: The Phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. I. Caribbean Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.005
[102]
Pardos, F., Herranz, M. and Sánchez, N. (2016) Two Sides of a Coin: The Phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. II. Pacific Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 26-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.006
[103]
Sorensen, M.V., Herranz, M. and Landers, S.C. (2016) A New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a Redescription of Echinoderes bookhouti Higgins, 1964. Zoologischer Anzeiger: A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 265, 48-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.004
[104]
Neves, R.C., Sorensen, M.V. and Herranz, M. (2016) First Account on Kinorhynchs from Portugal, with the Description of Two New Species: Echinoderes lusitanicus sp. nov. and E. reicherti sp. nov. Marine Biology Research, 12, 455-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1154973
[105]
Sorensen, M.V. and Pardos, F. (2008) Kinorhynch Systematics and Biology. An Introduction to the Study of Kinorhynchs, Inclusive Identification Keys to the Genera. Meiofauna Marina, 16, 21-73.
[106]
Rao, G.C. and Ganapati, P.N. (19660 Occurrence of an Aberrant Kinorhynch Cateria styx Gerlach, in Waltair Beach Sands. Current Science, 35, 212-213.
[107]
Ganapati, P.N. and Rao, G.C. (1962) Ecology of the Interstitial Fauna Inhabiting the Sandy Beaches of Waltair Coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 4, 44-57.
[108]
Dovgal, I., Chatterjee, T., Ingole, B. and Nanajkar, M. (2008) First Report of Limnoricus ponticus Dovgal & Lozowskiy (Ciliophora: Suctorea) as Epibionts on Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha) from the Indian Ocean with Key to Species of the Genus Limnoricus. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 49, 381-385.
[109]
Venkataraman, K., Raghunanthan, C., Sivaleela, G., Choudury, S., Mondal, T. and Raghuraman, R. (2015) Released on the Occasion of “National Workshop on Lesser Known Marine Animals of India” during 11-13 June 2015 Held at ZSI. Zological Survey of India, Kolkata, 1-4.
[110]
Jeeva, C. and Mohan, P.M. (2016) A Report of Echinoderes setiger Greeff, 1869 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) in Intertidal Zone of Port Blair. Journal of the Andaman Science Association, 21, 205-256.
[111]
Adrianov, A.V. and Malakhov, V.V. (1994) Kinorhyncha: Structure, Development, Phylogeny and Taxonomy. Nauka Publishing, Moscow, 1-262.
[112]
Adrianov, A.V. and Maiorova, A.S. (2018) Parasemnoderes intermedius gen. n., sp. n.—The First Abyssal Representative of the Family Semnoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 44, 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074018050024
[113]
Claparede, E. (1863) Beobachtungen iiber Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschkhte wirbelloser Tiere an der Kiiste der Normandie angestellt. Wilhelm Engelmaim, Leipzig, 120 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10030
[114]
Gerlach, S.A. (1956) über einen aberranten Vertreter der Kinorhynchen aus dem Küstengrundwasser. Kieler Meeresforsch, 12, 120-124.
[115]
Grzelak, K. and Sorensen, M.V. (2018) New Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Spitsbergen, with Additional Information about Known Arctic Species. Marine Biology Research, 14, 113-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367096
[116]
Herranz, M., Yangel, E. and Leander, B.S. (2017) Echinoderes hakaiensis sp. nov.: A New Mud Dragon (Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae) from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean with the Redescription of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 303-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0726-z
[117]
Landers, S.C. and Sorensen, M.V. (2018) Echinoderes sylviae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida), from the Gulf of Mexico, with Comparative Notes on a Similar Species Echinoderes spinifurca. Bulliton of Marine Science, 94, 1499-1514. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1167
[118]
Nebelsick, M. (1990) Antygomonasin comitata gen et sp n. (Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) and Its Phylogenetic Relationships. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1990.tb00248.x
[119]
Remane, A. (1929) Rotatoria. In: Grimpe and Wagler, Eds., Die Tierwelt der Nordund Ostsee, Part VIIe, AkademischeVerlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1-156.
[120]
Sánchez, N., Yamasaki, H., Pardosa, F., Sorensen, M.V. and Martinezd, A. (2016) Morphology Disentangles the Systematics of a Ubiquitous but Elusive Meiofaunal Group (Kinorhyncha: Pycnophyidae). Cladistics, 32, 479-505.
[121]
Sánchez, N., García-Herrero, A., García-Gómez, G. and Pardos, F. (2018) A New Species of the Recently Established Genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida) from the Mediterraneanwith an Identification Key. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0651-1
[122]
Sorensen, M.V. (2008) A New Kinorhynch Genus from the Antarctic Deep-Sea and a New Species of Cephalorhyncha from Hawaii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 8, 230e1-230e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2007.11.003
[123]
Sorensen, M.V. and Rho, H.S. (2009) Triodontoderes anulap gen. et sp. nov. A New Cyclorhagid Kinorhynch Genus and Species from Micronesia. JMBA, 89, 1269-1279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409000526
[124]
Sorensen, M.V. and Grzelak, K. (2018) New Mud Dragons from Svalbard: Three New Species of Cristaphyes and the First Arctic Species of Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida: Pycnophyidae). PeerJ, 6, e5653. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5653
[125]
Timm, R.W. (1958) Two New Species of Echinoderiderella (Phylum Kinorhyncha) from the Bay of Bengal. Bombay Natural History Society, 55, 107-109.
[126]
Yamasaki, H. and Durucan, F. (2018) Echinoderes antalyaensis sp. nov. (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from Antalya, Turkey, Levantine Sea, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Species Diversity, 23, 193-207. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.23.193
[127]
Zelinka, C. (1913) Die Echinoderen der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition XIV, Zoologie VI, 419-437.
