Distribution patterns of selected heavy metals content in sediments from the Bay of Quiberon and Gulf of Morbihan were studied to understand the current heavy metals contamination due to urbanization and mariculture activities in the coastal area. Therefore, a survey was conducted and 196 sediments collected were characterized for heavy metals content using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after mix acid digestion process. The distribution maps of the concentrations of the heavy metals studied were produced as an isopleth map based on data interpolation by the ArcGIS software application. The association with the adverse effects on aquatic organisms was determined by the classification of the sediment according to the sediment quality guidelines. Therefore, two approaches were employed namely: direct comparison with Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and comparison with other numerical SQGs, threshold effect level/probable effect level, and effect range low/effect range medium. In order to estimate the effect of multiple contaminations of heavy metals, the mean-ERM-quotient was calculated at each sampling point.
References
[1]
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D’Agrosa, C., et al. (2008) A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems. Science, 319, 948-952. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149345
[2]
Halpern, B.S., Frazier, M., Afflerbach, J., Lowndes, J.S., Micheli, F., O’Hara, C., Scarborough, C. and Selkoe, K.A. (2019) Recent Pace of Change in Human Impact on the World’s Ocean. Scientific Report, 9, Article No. 11609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47201-9
[3]
El Zrelli, R., Courjault-Radé, P., Rabaoui, L., Castet, S., Michel, S. and Bejaoui, N. (2015) Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Surface Sediments of the Coastal Area Surrounding the Industrial Complex of Gabes City, Gulf of Gabes, SE Tunisia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 922-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.047
[4]
Jones, K.R., Klein, C.J., Halpern, B.S., Venter, O., Grantham, H., Kuempel, C.D., Shumway, N., Friedlander, A.M., Possingham, H.P. and Watson, J.E.M. (2018) The Location and Protection Status of Earth’s Diminishing Marine Wilderness. Current Biology, 28, 2506-2512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.010
[5]
Kennish, M.J. (2002) Environmental Threats and Environmental Future of Estuaries. Environmental Conservation, 29, 78-107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000061
[6]
Bay, S.M., Zeng, E.Y., Lorenson, T.D., Tran, K. and Alexander, C. (2003) Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Contaminants in Sediments of Santa Monica Bay, California. Marine Environmental Research, 56, 255-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00334-3
[7]
Wojciechowska, E., Nawrot, N., Walkusz-Miotk, J., Matej-Lukowicz, K. and Pazdro, K. (2019) Heavy Metals in Sediments of Urban Streams: Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Influencing Factors. Sustainability, 11, 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030563
[8]
Sobihah, N.N., Zaharin, A.A., Nizam, M.K. and Juen, L.L. (2018) Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Maricultured Fish, Lates calcarifer (Barramudi), Lutjanus campechanus (Red Snapper) and Lutjanus griseus (Grey Snapper). Chemosphere, 197, 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.187
[9]
Tengku Nur Alia, T.K.A., Hing, L.S., Sim, S.F., Pradit, S., Ahmad, A. and Ong, M.C. (2020) Comparative Study of Raw and Cooked Farmed Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer) in Relation to Metal Content and Its Estimated Human Health Risk. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 153, Article ID: 111009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111009
[10]
Benali, I., Boutiba, Z., Grandjean, D., de Alencastro, L.F., Rouane-Hacene, O. and Chèvre, N. (2017) Spatial Distribution and Biological Effects of Trace Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) and Organic Micropollutants (PCBs, PAHs) in Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis along the Algerian West Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115, 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.028
[11]
Gu, Y.G., Ning, J.J., Ke, C.L. and Huang, H.H. (2018) Bioaccessibility and Human Health Implications of Heavy Metals in Different Trophic Level Marine Organisms: A Case Study of the South China Sea. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 163, 551-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.114
[12]
Gu, Y.G., Lin, Q., Huang, H.H., Wang, L.G., Ning, J.J. and Du, F.Y. (2017) Heavy Metals in Fish Tissues/Stomach Contents in Four Marine Wild Commercially Valuable Fish Species from the Western Continental Shelf of South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114, 1125-1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.040
[13]
Bonsignore, M., Manta, D.S., Mirto, S., Quinci, E.M., Ape, F., Montalto, V., Gristina, M., Traina, A. and Sprovieri, M. (2018) Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs and Echinoderms from the Tuscany Coast. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 554-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.044
[14]
Ali, H. and Khan, E. (2019) Trophic Transfer, Bioaccumulation, and Biomagnification of Non-Essential Hazardous Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Food Chains/Webs—Concepts and Implications for Wildlife and Human Health. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 25, 1353-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398
[15]
Caito, S. and Aschner, M. (2017) Developmental Neurotoxicity of Lead. Advances in Neurobiology, 18, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_1
[16]
Aoshima, K. (2016) Itai-Itai Disease: Renal Tubular Osteomalacia Induced by Environmental Exposure to Cadmium—Historical Review and Perspectives. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 62, 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2016.1159116
[17]
Ogawa, T., Kobayashi, E., Okubo, Y., Suwazono, Y., Kido, T. and Nogawa, K. (2004) Relationship among Prevalence of Patients with Itai-Itai Disease, Prevalence of Abnormal Urinary Findings, and Cadmium Concentrations in Rice of Individual Hamlets in the Jinzu River Basin, Toyama Prefecture of Japan. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 14, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120410001725586
[18]
Roosenburg, W.H. (1969) Greening and Copper Accumulation in the American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the Vicinity of a Steam Electric Generating Station. Chesapeake Science, 10, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/1350461
[19]
Funes, V., Alhama, J., Navas, J.I., López-Barea, J. and Peinado, J. (2006) Ecotoxicological Effects of Metal Pollution in Two Mollusc Species from the Spanish South Atlantic littoral. Environmental Pollution, 139, 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.016
[20]
Ji, C., Wang, Q., Wu, H., Tan, Q. and Wang, W.X. (2016) A Metabolomic Study on the Biological Effects of Metal Pollutions in Oysters Crassostrea sikamea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 102, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.037
[21]
Wang, W.X., Yang, Y., Guo, X., He, M., Guo, F. and Ke, C. (2011) Copper and Zinc Contamination in Oysters: Subcellular Distribution and Detoxification. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30, 1767-1774. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.571
[22]
Fang, T.H. and Dai, S.Y. (2017) Green Oysters Occurring in an Industrial Harbor in Central Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124, 1006-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.059
[23]
Gao, H., Bai, J., Xiao, R., Liu, P., Jiang, W. and Wang, J. (2013) Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Wetland Soils of a Typical Shallow Freshwater Lake, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 27, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-012-0587-8
[24]
Duruibe, J.O., Ogwuegbu, M. and Egwurugwu, J. (2007) Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Biotoxic Effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2, 112-118.
[25]
Shimada, H., Funakoshi, T. and Waalkes, M.P. (2000) Acute, Nontoxic Cadmium Exposure Inhibits Pancreatic Protease Activities in the Mouse. Toxicological Sciences, 53, 474-480. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/53.2.474
[26]
Dauvalter, V. and Rognerud, S. (2001) Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments of the Pasvik River Drainage. Chemosphere, 42, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00094-1
[27]
Tessier, E., Garnier, C., Mullot, J.U., Lenoble, V., Arnaud, M., Raynaud, M. and Mounier, S. (2011) Study of the Spatial and Historical Distribution of Sediment Inorganic Contamination in the Toulon Bay (France). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 2075-2086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.07.022
[28]
Masson, M., Blanc, G. and Schafer, J. (2006) Geochemical Signals and Sources Contributions to Heavy Metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) Fluxes into the Gironde Estuary via Its Major Tributaries. Science of the Total Environment, 370, 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.011
[29]
Proust, J.N., Menier, D., Guillocheau, F., Guennoc, P., Bonnet, S., Rouby, D. and Le Corre, C. (2001) Les vallées fossiles de la baie de la vilaine: Nature et évolution du prisme sédimentaire cotier du pleistocène armoricain. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 172, 737-749. https://doi.org/10.2113/172.6.737
[30]
Chaumillon, E., Bertin, X., Falchetto, H., Allard, J., Weber, N., Walker, P., Pouvreau, N. and Woppelmann, G. (2008) Multi Time-Scale Evolution of a Wide Estuary Linear Sandbank, the Longe de Boyard, on the French Atlantic Coast. Marine Geology, 251, 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.02.014
[31]
Pinot, J.P. (1974) Le port continent breton entre Penmarc’h, Belle-Ile et I’escarpement continental, ttude geomorphologi-que. Lannion. Imfram, 256 p.
[32]
Vanney, J.R. (1977) Géomorphologie de la marge continentale sudarmoricaine. Société d’édition d’enseignement supérieur, Paris, 473 p.
[33]
Menier, D., Tessier, B., Dubois, A., Goubert, E. and Sedrati, M. (2011) Geomorphological and Hydrodynamic Forcing of Sedimentary Bedforms—Example of Gulf of Morbihan (South Brittany, Bay of Biscay). Journal of Coastal Research, 64, 1530-1534.
[34]
Rossi, V., Horton, B.P., Corbett, D.R., Leorri, E., Perez-Belmonte, L. and Douglas, B.C. (2011) The Application of Foraminifera to Reconstruct the Rate of 20th Century Sea Level Rise, Morbihan golfe, Brittany, France. Quaternary Research, 75, 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.017
[35]
Dalrymple, R.W. and Choi, K. (2006) Morphologic and Facies Trends through the Fluvial-Marine Transition in Tide-Dominated Depositional Systems: A Schematic Framework for Environmental and Sequence Stratigraphic Interpretation. Earth-Science Reviews, 81, 135-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.10.002
[36]
Kamaruzzaman, B.Y., Nurulnadia, M.Y., Shazili, N.A.M., Ong, M.C., Shahbudin, S., Jalal, K.C.A. and Joseph, B. (2011) Heavy Metal Concentration in the Surface Sediment of Tanjung Lumpur Mangrove Forest, Kuantan, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 40, 89-92.
[37]
Kamaruzzaman, B.Y., Siti Waznah, A., Ong, M.C. and Joseph, B. (2010) Spatial Distribution of Lead and Copper in the Bottom Sediments of Pahang River Estuary, Pahang, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 39, 543-547.
[38]
Ong, M.C., Menier, D., Shazili, N.A.M. and Dupont, V. (2012) Geochemistry of Metallic Trace Elements in Surficial Sediments of the Gulf of Morbihan, Brittany, France. Journal of Applied Sciences, 12, 2215-2224. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2012.2215.2224
[39]
Ong, M.C., Joseph, B., Shazili, N.A.M., Ghazali, A. and Mohamad, M.N. (2015) Heavy Metals Concentration in Surficial Sediments of Bidong Island, South China Sea off the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Asian Journal of Earth Science, 8, 74-82. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajes.2015.74.82
[40]
Caeiro, S., Costa, M.H., Ramos, T.B., Fernandes, F., Silveira, N., Coimbra, A., Medeiros, G. and Painho, M. (2005) Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Sado Estuary Sediment: An Index Analysis Approach. Ecological Indicators, 5, 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.02.001
[41]
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, C.R., Harris, C.R. and Jeffrey, D.W. (1980) Problems in the Assessment of Heavy-Metal Levels in the Estuaries and the Formation of a Pollution Index. Hergoland Marine Research, 33, 566-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780
[42]
Karbassi, A.R., Bayati, I. and Moatta, F. (2006) Origin and Chemical Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Riverbed Sediments. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 3, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325905
[43]
Rabee, A.M., Al-Fatlawy, Y.F., Najim, A.A. and Nameer, M. (2011) Using Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Geoaccumulation Index (I-geo) for the Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Tigris River Sediment in Baghdad Region. Journal of Al-Nahrain University, 14, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.22401/JNUS.14.4.14
[44]
Harikumar, P.S. and Jisha, T.S. (2010) Distribution Pattern of Trace Metal Pollutants in the Sediments of an Urban Wetland in the Southwest Coast of India. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2, 840-850.
[45]
Chakravarty, M. and Patgiri, A.D. (2009) Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of the Dikrong River, NE India. Journal of Human Ecology, 27, 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906193
[46]
Seshan, B.R.R., Natesan, U. and Deepthi, K. (2010) Geochemical and Statistical Approach for Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Core Sediments in Southeast Coast of India. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 7, 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326139
[47]
Giesy, J.P. and Hoke, R.A. (1990) Freshwater Sediment Quality Criteria: Toxicity Bioassessment. In: Baudo, R., Giesy, J.P. and Muntau, H., Eds., Sediments: Chemistry and Toxicity of In-Place Pollutants, Lewis, Chelsea, 265-348.
[48]
Long, E.R., Field, L.J. and MacDonald, D.D. (1998) Predicting Toxicity in Marine Sediments with Numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 714-727. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170428
[49]
Luo, W., Lu, Y.L., Wang, T.Y., Hu, W.Y., Jiao, W.T., Naile, J.E., Khim, J.S. and Giesy, J.P. (2010) Ecological Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Metals in Sediments of Coastal Areas of Northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. AMBIO, 39, 367-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0077-5
[50]
Long, E.R. and MacDonald, D.D. (1998) Recommended Uses of Empirically Derived, Sediment Quality Guidelines for Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 4, 1019-1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039891284956
[51]
Larrose, A., Coynel, A., Schafer, J., Blanc, G., Massé, L. and Maneux, E. (2010) Assessing the Current State of the Gironde Estuary by Mapping Priority Contaminant Distribution and Risk Potential in Surface Sediment. Applied Geochemistry, 25, 1912-1923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.10.007
[52]
Tankere-Muller, S., Zhang, H., Davison, W., Finke, N., Larsen, O., Stahl, H. and Glud, R.N. (2007) Fine Scale Remobilization of Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Cd in Contaminated Marine Sediment. Marine Chemistry, 106, 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.04.005
[53]
Kalnejais, L.H., Martin, W.R. and Bothner, M.H. (2010) The Release of Dissolved Nutrients and Metals from Coastal Sediments Due to Resuspension. Marine Chemistry, 121, 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.05.002
