Degradation Mechanisms of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts: A Combined Identical-Location Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

Determining the degradation mechanisms of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is fundamental to design improved proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) devices but remains challenging under the demanding conditions of PEMWE anodes. To address this issue, we introduce a methodology combining identical-location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical measurements, and apply it to iridium nanoparticles (NPs) covered by a thin oxide layer (IrOx) in OER conditions. The results show that, whatever the initial OER activity of the IrOx nanocatalysts, it gradually declines and reaches similar values after 30？000 potential cycles between 1.20 and 1.60 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). This drop in OER activity was ascribed to the progressive increase of the Ir oxidation state (fast change during electrochemical conditioning, milder change during accelerated stress testing) along with the increased concentrations of hydroxyl groups and water molecules. In contrast, no change in the mean oxidation state, no change in the hydroxyl/water coverage, and constant OER activity were noticed on the benchmark micrometer-sized IrO2 particles. In addition to chemical changes, Ir dissolution/redeposition and IrOx nanoparticle migration/agglomeration/detachment were made evident during the conditioning stage and in OER conditions, respectively. By combining the information derived from IL-TEM images and XPS measurements, we show that Ir(III) and Ir(V) are the best performing Ir valencies for the OER. These findings provide insights into the long-term OER activity of IrOx nanocatalysts as well as practical guidelines for the development of more active and more stable PEMWE anodes