An Overview of the Sects of the Kelam before Great Seljuks

During the time of His Holiness Muhammad and the following period of strong political leadership, there were no disintegration between the Muslims based on faith. With the event of Arbitration (Tahkim) that occurred in the period of His Holiness Ali, the first differentiation in faith was born with the Kharijites. As a reaction to this movement, the idea of execution (icra) came into existence. These ideas alienated from their political context in time and began to be discussed in the scientific assemblies in different Islamic lands. On the other hand, religions and philosophical movements encountered in the newly conquered lands forced Muslims to use different arguments that predecessors did not use. They also conducted several discussions that were not on the agenda of predecessors. The topics of "cognate verses" and "the word of God" have led to the separation of the parties such as Mutezileh that prioritized mind before dogma and Hanbelis who were literary readers with permanent lines. The approach of Hanbelis, who hardened after the death of their leader Admed bin Hanbel, towards embodiment and similitude, and excessive rationalism of Mutezile who developed the rhetoric of “rational sharia,” led to the development of two mediocre schools that represented the followers of Sunnah under the names of “Esharriyah” and “Maturiddiyah.” The fact that Esharriyah was born in central Islamic lands and its struggle against Mutezile made it more prominent. The interaction between the Esharriyah and Mutezile in the process resulted in their transliteration of the cognate verses as well. Thus, it made Hanbelis an enemy and they received a pressure from the Hanbelis. However, the Eshariyah were supported by Nizam al-Mulk and Great Seljuks and started a struggle to represent the followers of Sunnah where they had to fight the Hanbelis and prevail