An Example of the Ottoman Empire’s Policy of ‘Hostile State’: The Turco-Italian War and the Italians in ？zmir

The purpose of this study is to present the practices towards ‘hostile state’ and its subjects, which had legally been shaped since the middle of the 19th century in the Ottoman Empire, within the context of Italians of ？zmir during the Turco-Italian War. The Ottoman Empire had to comply with a number of legal obligations while implementing the practices towards Italian subjects and institutions. Some issues such as the closure of the Italian consulate, how and to which state its authority to be transferred, the conditions of Italian subjects, providing security in the war were examples of war practices the Ottoman Empire followed through legal means towards the hostile state. The documents from the Ottoman Archives and a number of Turkish periodicals published in the city of ？zmir constitute the resources of the study. Besides, some books concerning the subject were also evaluated