A Comparative Study of Foreign Direct Investment: Ottoman and Russian Empires

As yet, a comparative study of foreign investments directed towards the Russian and Ottoman Empires does not exist. They were part of the less developed periphery of Europe during the nineteenth century. The main goal of the capital exporting countries was to market their manufactured products and acquire raw materials. By following an independent policy of high tariffs, Russia partially overcame the problem through compelling foreigners to invest for manufacturing locally. However, in the Ottoman Empire, as foreigners did not face any protectionist obstacles to sell their manufactures, foreign direct investment inflows came only to the sectors that facilitated trade