Parliamentarism From Ottoman Empire To The Present And Interventions To The Parliamentary Regime - An Analysis on Military Memorandum, Military Coup and Military Coup Initiatives

Although Ottoman Empire passed to the parliamentary regime with the First Constitutional Era, this process was short-lived. After more than 30 years of oppression in 1908, the transition to the parliamentary regime was ensured. The idea of Westernism gained importance in social and political life with the Second Constitutional Era, and it has become the central point of politics in Ottoman Empire. Thus, the process of renewal and westernization was carried out in society and in political institutions. The change in the administration has been visible in the bureaucracy and every fragment of society, and it constituted the beginning of a chain of events that affects deeply Turkish political life. Following the collapse Ottoman Empire and the Independence War, Republic of Turkey was established and inherited the political and social policies of the Second Constitutional Era as a legacy and continued the parliamentary tradition. However, the functioning of parliamentarism, which has continued until today, in Ottoman Empire has been left to itself, and it has been interrupted or attempted to be interrupted by the army many times. In the end, the military intervention in the Turkish political life, the attempts to take politics under guardianship and its attempts in that sense have been transmitted as legacy of Ottoman Empire and becomes constant. In this study, the interventions to the functioning of the parliamentary regime from Ottoman Empire to the present have been discussed and an analysis has been carried out to address the causes and the consequences of this phenomena