This comprehensive review participates in the use of three different non-invasive surface scanning techniques directed in scientific research of medical, anthropology, archaeology forensic science, and product designing. 3D surface examining tools speak to a promising technique to provide reproducible data such as map the facial soft or hard tissues of a subject document skeletal remains, and trauma, generating 3D imitations of the components for documented and illustrative purposes while simultaneously holding exactness and unwavering quality. Three-dimensional imaging is rapidly turning into a vital tool for reconstruction and examination in scientific research. The final 3D mesh can be 3D printed or the digital version can be shared online with scientific researchers. This review manuscript highlights several studies utilizing non-invasive scanning techniques, depicts the pro and cons of the 3D scanning techniques, and different features of the scanners irrespective of the cost which would be helpful for future research work. A resourceful review was conducted using 7 databases; PubMed, CENTRAL, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and IEEE Xplore from 2002 to 2020. Search terms were; “3D Laser scanning”, “Photogrammetry”, “Skeleton preservation”, “Documentation”, “Surface Scanning”, etc. Papers with quality work and related to the field of forensic science, anthropometry, 3D facial scanning, and product development were selected. From all the studies, 71 studies met the eligibility criteria, and other articles were excluded which were non-relevant, had duplicate records, and did not meet search criteria. This review provides in-depth understanding and discussions into methods, restrictions, and inferences from respective research publications.
References
[1]
Friess, M. (2012) Scratching the Surface? The Use of Surface Scanning in Physical and Paleoanthropology. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 90, 1-25.
[2]
Weinberg, S.M. and Kolar, J.C. (2005) Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging: Limitations and Considerations from the Anthropometric Perspective. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 16, 847-851. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.SCS.0000164330.96675.0C
[3]
Weber, G.W. and Bookstein, F.L. (2011) Virtual Anthropology: A Guide to a New Interdisciplinary Field. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-49347-2_1
[4]
Karas, B.V. and Beaubien, H.F. (2006) Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning of Cultural Heritage: The Deer Stones of Mongolia. Scanning, 28, 187-188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881146
[5]
Park, H.-K., Chung, J.-W. and Kho, H.-S. (2006) Use of Hand-Held Laser Scanning in the Assessment of Craniometry. Forensic Science International, 160, 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.007
[6]
Friess, M., Marcus, L.F., Reddy, D.P. and Delson, E. (2002) The Use of 3D Laser Scanning Techniques for the Morphometric Analysis of Human Facial Shape Variation. BAR International Series, 1049, 31-35.
[7]
Robinette, K.M. and Whitestone, J.J. (1994) The Need for Improved Anthropometric Methods for the Development of Helmet Systems. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 65, A95-A99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8018088
[8]
Ball, R.M. and Molenbroek, J.F.M. (2008) Measuring Chinese Heads and Faces. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Physiological Anthropology, Human Diversity: Design for Life, Delft, 22-26 August 2008, 150-155.
[9]
Han, D.H., Rhi, J. and Lee, J. (2004) Development of Prototypes of Half-Mask Facepieces for Koreans Using the 3D Digitizing Design Method: A Pilot Study. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 48, 707-714.
[10]
Mafart, B.Y., Delingette, H. and Subsol, G. (2002) Three-Dimensional Imaging in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology. Archaeopress, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714301
[11]
Benazzi, S., Coquerelle, M., Fiorenza, L., Bookstein, F., Katina, S. and Kullmer, O. (2011) Comparison of Dental Measurement Systems for Taxonomic Assignment of First Molars. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 144, 342-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21409
[12]
Baab, K.L., Ting, N.C., Capellini, T.D., Hagell, S.E. and Delson, E. (2003) Precision in 3-D Landmark Data Collection for Geometric Morphometrics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 120, 61-62.
[13]
Harcourt-Smith, W.E.H., Tallman, M., Frost, S.R., Wiley, D.F., Rohlf, F.J. and Delson, E. (2008) Analysis of Selected Hominoid Joint Surfaces Using Laser Scanning and Geometric Morphometrics: A Preliminary Report. In: Sargis, E.J. and Dagosto, M., Eds., Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology, Springer, Dordrecht, 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6997-0_17
[14]
Peña, I., Viktor, H.L. and Paquet, E. (2009) Finding Clothing That Fit through Cluster Analysis and Objective Interestingness Measures. International Conference on Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery, Linz, 31 August-2 September 2009, 216-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03730-6_18
[15]
Polo, M.-E. and Felicísimo, á.M. (2012) Analysis of Uncertainty and Repeatability of a Low-Cost 3D Laser Scanner. Sensors, 12, 9046-9054. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120709046
[16]
Jones, P.R.M. and Rioux, M. (1997) Three-Dimensional Surface Anthropometry: Applications to the Human Body. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 28, 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-8166(97)00006-7
[17]
Gu, D., Chen, Y., Dai, K., Zhang, S. and Yuan, J. (2008) The Shape of the Acetabular Cartilage Surface: A Geometric Morphometric Study Using Three-Dimensional Scanning. Medical Engineering & Physics, 30, 1024-1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.12.013
[18]
Aung, S.C., Ngim, R.C.K. and Lee, S.T. (1995) Evaluation of the Laser Scanner as a Surface Measuring Tool and Its Accuracy Compared with Direct Facial Anthropometric Measurements. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 48, 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(95)90043-8
[19]
Algee-Hewitt, B.F.B. and Wheat, A.D. (2016) The Reality of Virtual Anthropology: Comparing Digitizer and Laser Scan Data Collection Methods for the Quantitative Assessment of the Cranium. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 160, 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22932
[20]
Beraldin, J.A. (2004) Integration of Laser Scanning and Close-Range Photogrammetry—The Last Decade and Beyond. Proceedings 20th ISPRS Congress 2004, Istanbul, 12-23 July 2004, 12-23.
[21]
Fangi, G., Fiori, F., Gagliardini, G. and Malinverni, E.S. (2002) Fast and Accurate Close Range 3D Modelling by Laser Scanning System. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 34, 196-203.
[22]
Tocheri, M.W. (2009) Laser Scanning: 3D Analysis of Biological Surfaces. In: Advanced Imaging in Biology and Medicine, Springer, Berlin, 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68993-5_4
[23]
Slizewski, A., Friess, M. and Semal, P. (2010) Surface Scanning of Anthropological Specimens: Nominal-Actual Comparison with Low Cost Laser Scanner and High End Fringe Light Projection Surface Scanning Systems. Quartär, 57, 179-187.
[24]
Sholts, S.B., Wärmländer, S.K.T.S., Flores, L.M., Miller, K.W.P. and Walker, P.L. (2010) Variation in the Measurement of Cranial Volume and Surface Area Using 3D Laser Scanning Technology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55, 871-876. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01380.x
[25]
Slizewski, A. and Semal, P. (2009) Experiences with Low and High Cost 3D Surface Scanner. Quartär, 56, 131-138.
[26]
Chacón, M.G., Détroit, F., Coudenneau, A. and Moncel, M.-H. (2016) Morphometric Assessment of Convergent Tool Technology and Function during the Early Middle Palaeolithic: The Case of Payre, France. PLoS ONE, 11, e0155316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155316
[27]
Garvin, H.M. and Stock, M.K. (2016) The Utility of Advanced Imaging in Forensic Anthropology. Academic Forensic Pathology, 6, 499-516. https://doi.org/10.23907/2016.050
[28]
Kau, C.H., Richmond, S., Incrapera, A., English, J. and Xia, J.J. (2007) Three-Di- mensional Surface Acquisition Systems for the Study of Facial Morphology and Their Application to Maxillofacial Surgery. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 3, 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.141
[29]
Salemi, G., Canci, A., Salzani, L., Cupitò, M., Concheri, G., Meneghello, R., Savio, G. and Faresin, E. (2011) 3D High Resolution Photo Realistic Models from a Protohistoric Burial Site. XXIII CIPA Symposium, Prague, 12-16 September 2011, 1-8.
[30]
Konica, M. (n.d.) Non-Contact 3D Digitizer Vivid 910/VI-910: Instruction Manual.
[31]
Sansoni, G., Cattaneo, C., Trebeschi, M., Gibelli, D., Porta, D. and Picozzi, M. (2009) Feasibility of Contactless 3D Optical Measurement for the Analysis of Bone and Soft Tissue Lesions: New Technologies and Perspectives in Forensic Sciences. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54, 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01041.x
[32]
Kelkel, Y., Foissac, M. and Baly, L. (2010) A Simple and Standardized Method for Analyzing Head and Face Morphology of a Population Sample. 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, 19-20 October 2010, 222-228. https://doi.org/10.15221/10.222
[33]
Majid, Z., Setan, H. and Chong, A. (2008) Integration of Stereophotogrammetry and Triangulation-Based Laser Scanning System for Precise Mapping of Craniofacial Morphology. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37, 805-811.
[34]
Fourie, Z., Damstra, J., Gerrits, P.O. and Ren, Y. (2011) Evaluation of Anthropometric Accuracy and Reliability Using Different Three-Dimensional Scanning Systems. Forensic Science International, 207, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.09.018
[35]
Kovacs, L., Zimmermann, A., Brockmann, G., Gühring, M., Baurecht, H., Papadopulos, N.A., Schwenzer-Zimmerer, K., Sader, R., Biemer, E. and Zeilhofer, H.F. (2006) Three-Dimensional Recording of the Human Face with a 3D Laser Scanner. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 59, 1193-1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2005.10.025
[36]
Spahiu, T., Grimmelsmann, N., Ehrmann, A., Shehi, E. and Piperi, E. (2016) On the Possible Use of 3D Printing for Clothing and Shoe Manufacture. 7th International Conference of Textile, Tirana, 10-11 November 2016, 1-7.
[37]
Mahmoudabadi, H., Shoaf, T. and Olsen, M.J. (2013) Superpixel Clustering and Planar Fit Segmentation of 3D Lidar Point Clouds. 2013 4th International Conference on Computing for Geospatial Research and Application, San Jose, 22-24 July 2013, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMGEO.2013.2
[38]
D’Apuzzo, N. (2007) 3D Body Scanning Technology for Fashion and Apparel Industry. Videometrics IX, Proceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, Vol. 6491, 64910O. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.703785
[39]
Zhou, S. and Xiao, S. (2018) 3D Face Recognition: A Survey. Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences, 8, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-018-0157-2
[40]
Wang, M.-J.J., Wu, W.-Y., Lin, K.-C., Yang, S.-N. and Lu, J.-M. (2007) Automated Anthropometric Data Collection from Three-Dimensional Digital Human Models. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 32, 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-005-0307-3
[41]
Daanen, H.A.M. and Ter Haar, F.B. (2013) 3D Whole Body Scanners Revisited. Displays, 34, 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2013.08.011
[42]
Lu, J.-M., Wang, M.-J.J. and Mollard, R. (2010) The Effect of Arm Posture on the Scan-Derived Measurements. Applied Ergonomics, 41, 236-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.07.002
[43]
Giachetti, A., Piscitelli, F., Cavedon, V., Milanese, C. and Zancanaro, C. (2015) Automatic Analysis of 3D Scans of Professional Athletes. 6th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, 27-28 October 2015, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.15221/15.092
[44]
Pepper, M.R., Freeland-Graves, J.H., Yu, W., Stanforth, P.R., Cahill, J.M., Mahometa, M. and Xu, B. (2010) Validation of a 3-Dimensional Laser Body Scanner for Assessment of Waist and Hip Circumference. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 29, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2010.10719832
[45]
Petrak, S., Naglić, M.M. and Geršak, J. (2020) Sizing and Fit for Swimsuits and Diving Suits. In: Anthropometry Apparel Sizing and Design, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 255-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102604-5.00010-X
[46]
Lovato, C., Bissolo, E., Lanza, N., Stella, A. and Giachetti, A. (2014) A Low Cost and Easy to Use Setup for Foot Scanning. 5th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, 21-22 October 2014, 21-22. https://doi.org/10.15221/14.365
[47]
Lovato, C., Milanese, C., Giachetti, A. and Zancanaro, C. (2010) 3D Digital Anthropometry Using the BodySCAN. 1st International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, 19-20 October 2010, 259-263. https://doi.org/10.15221/10.259
[48]
Annichini, M., Arena, R., Fanini, M., Fattorel, M., Pavei, D., Tasson, D., Garro, V., Lovato, C. and Giachetti, A. (2013) Shape Processing for Digital Anthropometry.
[49]
Kau, C., Zhurov, A., Richmond, S., Cronin, A., Savio, C. and Mallorie, C. (2006) Facial Templates: A New Perspective in Three Dimensions. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 9, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00359.x
[50]
Kau, C.H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A., Ovsenik, M., Tawfik, W., Borbely, P. and English, J.D. (2010) Use of 3-Dimensional Surface Acquisition to Study Facial Morphology in 5 Populations. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 137, S56.e1-S56.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022
[51]
Ort, R., Metzler, P., Kruse, A.L., Matthews, F., Zemann, W., Grätz, K.W. and Luebbers, H.-T. (2012) The Reliability of a Three-Dimensional Photo System-(3dMDface-) Based Evaluation of the Face in Cleft Lip Infants. Plastic Surgery International, 2012, Article ID: 138090. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/138090
[52]
Aldridge, K., Boyadjiev, S.A., Capone, G.T., DeLeon, V.B. and Richtsmeier, J.T. (2005) Precision and Error of Three-Dimensional Phenotypic Measures Acquired from 3dMD Photogrammetric Images. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 138, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.30959
[53]
Rangel, F.A., Maal, T.J.J., Bergé, S.J., van Vlijmen, O.J.C., Plooij, J.M., Schutyser, F. and Kuijpers-Jagtman, A.M. (2008) Integration of Digital Dental Casts in 3-Dimensional Facial Photographs. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 134, 820-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.11.026
[54]
Ladeira, P., Bastos, E., Vanini, J. and Alonso, N. (2001) Use of Stereophotogrammetry for Evaluating Craniofacial Deformities: A Systematic Review. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, 28, 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-51752013000100025
[55]
Lübbers, H.-T., Medinger, L., Kruse, A.L., Grätz, K.W., Obwegeser, J.A. and Matthews, F. (2012) The Influence of Involuntary Facial Movements on Craniofacial Anthropometry: A Survey Using a Three-Dimensional Photographic System. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 50, 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2010.12.002
[56]
Lübbers, H.-T., Medinger, L., Kruse, A., Grätz, K.W. and Matthews, F. (2010) Precision and Accuracy of the 3dMD Photogrammetric System in Craniomaxillofacial Application. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 21, 763-767. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181d841f7
[57]
Gor, T., Kau, C.H., English, J.D., Lee, R.P. and Borbely, P. (2010) Three-Dimensional Comparison of Facial Morphology in White Populations in Budapest, Hungary, and Houston, Texas. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 137, 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.12.022
[58]
Turner, W.N. (2012) Three Dimensional Comparison of Facial Morphology of a Caucasian American Population and a Native Brazilian Population. The University of Alabama, Birmingham.
[59]
Aynechi, N., Larson, B.E., Leon-Salazar, V. and Beiraghi, S. (2011) Accuracy and Precision of a 3D Anthropometric Facial Analysis with and without Landmark Labeling before Image Acquisition. The Angle Orthodontist, 81, 245-252. https://doi.org/10.2319/041810-210.1
[60]
Farkas, L.G. and Deutsch, C.K. (1996) Anthropometric Determination of Craniofacial Morphology. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 65, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320650102
[61]
Enciso, R., Shaw, A.M., Neumann, U. and Mah, J. (2003) Three-Dimensional Head Anthropometric Analysis. Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 5029, 590-597. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479752
[62]
Thali, M.J., Braun, M., Markwalder, T.H., Brueschweiler, W., Zollinger, U., Malik, N.J., Yen, K. and Dirnhofer, R. (2003) Bite Mark Documentation and Analysis: The Forensic 3D/CAD Supported Photogrammetry Approach. Forensic Science International, 135, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00205-6
[63]
Leipner, A., Obertová, Z., Wermuth, M., Thali, M., Ottiker, T. and Sieberth, T. (2019) 3D Mug Shot—3D Head Models from Photogrammetry for Forensic Identification. Forensic Science International, 300, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.015
[64]
Burnsides, D., Boehmer, M. and Robinette, K. (2002) 3-D Landmark Detection and Identification in the CAESAR Project. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, Quebec, 28 May-1 June 2001, 393-398.
[65]
Geisen, G.R., Mason, C.P., Houston, V.L., Whitestone, J.J., McQuiston, B.K. and Beattie, A.C. (1995) Automatic Detection, Identification, and Registration of Anatomical Landmarks. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 39, 750-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901107
[66]
Lewark, E.A. and Nurre, J.H. (1998) Automated Fiducial Labeling on Human Body Data. In: Ellson, R.N. and Nurre, J.H., Eds., Three-Dimensional Image Capture Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Bellingham, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.302440
[67]
Tai, Y., Chao, S. and Yang, S. (2002) Automatic Detection and Labeling of Anatomical Landmarks on Virtual Human Model from 3D Laser Digitizer. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology (IWAIT), Huarian.
[68]
Winder, R.J., Darvann, T.A., McKnight, W., Magee, J.D.M. and Ramsay-Baggs, P. (2008) Technical Validation of the Di3D Stereophotogrammetry Surface Imaging System. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 46, 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.09.005
[69]
Khambay, B., Nairn, N., Bell, A., Miller, J., Bowman, A. and Ayoub, A.F. (2008) Validation and Reproducibility of a High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Facial Imaging System. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 46, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.017
[70]
Kook, M.-S., Jung, S., Park, H.-J., Oh, H.-K., Ryu, S.-Y., Cho, J.-H., Lee, J.-S., Yoon, S.-J., Kim, M.-S. and Shin, H.-K. (2014) A Comparison Study of Different Facial Soft Tissue Analysis Methods. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 42, 648-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.09.010
[71]
Pesce, M., Galantucci, L.M., Percoco, G. and Lavecchia, F. (2015) A Low-Cost Multi Camera 3D Scanning System for Quality Measurement of Non-Static Subjects. Procedia CIRP, 28, 88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.04.015
