Computational prediction of stall aerodynamics in free air and in close proximity to the ground considering the 30P30N three-element high-lift configuration is carried out based on CFD simulations using the OpenFOAM code and Fluent software. Both the attached and separated flow regimes are simulated using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations closed with the Spalart-Allamaras (SA) turbulence model for static conditions and pitch oscillations at Reynolds number, Re = 5 x 106 and Mach number, M = 0.2. The effects of closeness to the ground and dynamic stall are investigated and the reduction in the lift force in close proximity to the ground is discussed.
References
[1]
Fang, L. (2011) Surpression of Stall on High-Camber Flap Using Upper-Surface Blowing. Technical Report Thesis, Cranfield University, Bedford.
[2]
Klausmeyer, S.M. and Lin, J.C. (1997) Comparative Results from a CFD Challenge over a 2D Three-Element High-Lift Airfoil. Technical Report Technical Memorandum 112858, NASA, Washington DC. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19970027380/downloads/19970027380.pdf
[3]
Hoak, D.E. (1960) The USAF Stability and Control DATCOM. Technical Report TR-83-3048, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Ohio, USA.
[4]
Schroeder, J.A. (2012) Research and Technology in Support of Upset Prevention and Recovery Training. Technical Report AIAA Paper 2012-4567, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, Minneapolis, 13-16 August 2012. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-4567
[5]
Belcastro, C.M. and Jacobson, S.R. (2010) Future Integrated Systems Concept for Preventing Aircraft Loss-of-Control Accidents. Technical Report AIAA Paper 2010-8142, Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Toronto, 2-5 August 2010.
[6]
Pascioni, J.A., Cattafesta, N.L. and Choudhari, M.M. (2014) An Experimental Investigation of the 30P30N Multi-Element High-Lift Airfoil. Technical Report AIAA 2014-3062, 20th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Atlanta, 16-20 June 2014. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-3062
Ahmed, M., Takasaki, T. and Kohama, Y. (2007) Aerodynamics of a NACA 4412 Airfoil in Ground Effect. AIAA Journal, 45, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.23872
[9]
Mahon, S. and Zhang, X. (2005) Computational Analysis of Pressure and Wake Characteristics of an Aerofoil in Ground Effect. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 127, 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1891152
[10]
Doig, G. and Barber, T. (2011) Considerations for Numerical Modeling of Inverted Wings in Ground Effect. AIAA Journal, 49, 2330-2333. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J051273
[11]
Zhang, X. and Zerihan, J. (2011) Edge Vortices of a Double-Element Wing in Ground Effect. Journal of Aircraft, 41, 1127-1137. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.1380
[12]
Sereez, M., Abramov, N. and Goman, M.G. (2018) Impact of Ground Effect on Lateral Directional Stability during Take-Off and Landing. Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics, 8, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojfd.2018.81001
[13]
Mittal, S. and Saxena, P. (2000) Prediction of Hysteresis Associated with Static Stall of an Airfoil. AIAA Journal, 38, 2179-2189. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.1051
[14]
Mittal, S. and Saxena, P. (2002) Hysteresis in Flow past a NACA 0012 Airfoil. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 191, 2207-2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(01)00382-6
[15]
Wang, S., Ingham, D.B., Ma, L., Pirkashanian, M. and Tao, Z. (2010) Numerical Investigations on Dynamic Stall of Low Reynolds Number Flowa Round Oscillating Airfoils. Computers and Fluids, 39, 1529-1541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.05.004
[16]
Wernert, P., Geissler, W., Raffel, M. and Kompenhas, J. (1996) Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Dynamic Stall on a Pitching Airfoil. AIAA Journal, 34, 982-989. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.13177
[17]
Cummings, R.M. and Goreyshir, M. (2013) Challenges in the Aerodynamic Modelling of an Oscillating and Translating Airfoil at Large Incidence Angles. Aerospace Science and Technology, 28, 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2012.10.013
[18]
Ekaterinaris, J.A. and Platzer, M.F. (1997) Computational Prediction of Airfoil Dynamic Stall. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 33, 759-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(97)00012-2
[19]
Sereez, M., Abramov, N.B. and Goman, M.G. (2016) Computational Simulation of Airfoils Stall Aerodynamics at Low Reynolds Numbers. Technical Report Applied Aerodynamics Conference, RaES.
[20]
Berg, B.V.D. (1981) Role of Laminar Bubbles in Airfoil Leading-Edge Stalls. AIAA, 19, 553-570. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.7798
[21]
Visbal, M.R. and Garmann, D.J. (2018) Analysis of Dynamic Stall on Pitching Airfoil Using High-Fidelity Large-Eddy Simulations. AIAA Journal, 56, 46-63. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J056108
[22]
Esfahani, A., Webb, N. and Samimy, M. (2019) Flow Separation Control over a Thin Post-Stall Airfoil: Effects of Excitation Frequency. AIAA Journal, 57, 1826-1837. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J057796
[23]
Sereez, M., Abramov, N. and Goman, M.G. (2021) Prediction of Static Aerodynamic Hysteresis on a Thin Airfoil Using OpenFOAM. Journal of Aircraft, 58, 374-382. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C035956
[24]
Williams, D.R., Reißner, F., Greenblatt, D., Müller-Vahl, H. and Strangfeld, C. (2017) Modeling Lift Hysteresis on Pitching Airfoils with a Modified Goman-Khrabrov Model. AIAA Journal, 55, 403-409. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J054937
[25]
Luchtenburg, D.M., Rowley, W.C., Lohry, M.W., Martinelli, L. and Stengel, R.F. (2015) Unsteady High-Angle-of-Attack Aerodynamic Models of a Generic Jet Transport. Journal of Aircraft, 52, 890-895. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C032976
[26]
Abramov, N.B., Goman, M.G., Khrabrov, A.N. and Soemarwoto, B.I. (2019) Aerodynamic Modeling for Poststall Flight Simulation of a Transport Airplane. Journal of Aircraft, 56, 1427-1440. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C034790
[27]
OpenFOAM (2021) OpenFOAM: The Open Source Computational Fluid Dynamics Toolbox. http://www.openfoam.com
Spalart, P.R. and Allmaras, S.R. (1992) A One-Equation Turbulence Model for Aerodynamic Flows. Technical Report, 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, 6-9 January 1992. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-439
Jameson, A. (1991) Time Dependent Calculations Using Multigrid, with Applications to Unsteady Flows past Airfoils and Wings. Technical Report, 10th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Honolulu, 24-26 June 1991. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-1596
[32]
Steinbach, D. and Jacob, K. (1991) Some Aerodynamic Aspects of Wings near Ground. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aero-Nautical and Space Sciences, 34, 56-70.
[33]
Hoak, D.E. and Finck, R.D. (1974) USAF Stability and DAR 303. Technical Report, A2-1 to A2-12, Flight Safety Digest.
[34]
Qin, X.G., Liu, P.Q. and Qu, Q.L. (2009) Aerodynamics of a Multi-Element Airfoil near Ground. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 14, 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(10)70039-0
[35]
Partha, M. and Balakrishnan, N. (2014) Discrete Vortex Method-Based Model for Ground-Effect Studies. AIAA Journal, 52, 2817-2828. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J052920
[36]
Kim, S., Alonso, J.J. and Jameson, A. (2004) Multi-Element High-Lift Configuration Design Optimization Using Viscous Continuous Adjoint Method. Journal of Aircraft, 41, 1082-1096. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.17