多种纤维协议和纺织品贸易
Multi-Fibre Arrangement and Textile Trade

1974年在GATT主持下，签订多种纤维协议(MFA)，订立初衷拟建构一项临时性措施，后历经四次展期，计有54个纺织品进出口国家和地区参与，对国际纺织品贸易产生重大影响。乌拉圭回合达成协议要求成员国将其数量限制和VERs转换为课征标准关税，尽管各国废止MFA进展过程缓慢，最后同意在10年内废止MFA。自1995年创建世界贸易组织(WTO)起，纺织品和成衣协议(ATC)取代了MFA。乌拉圭回合的「防卫措施」旨在禁止大多数VERs安排。本文详述欧美国家在那十年间必须分阶段逐步取消MFA配额，以及发展中国家与发达国家政策分歧。MFA从出现在世界贸易舞台到落幕，尽管它曾经掀起各国贸易政治纷争，但在MFA展期中，确实带给纺织品出口国生产面质量升级效果；在MFA废止之后，也带给纺织品进口国消费面质量降级效果，这是本文的重要研究发现，也都是我们要铭记这段经济史的智慧遗产。
Under the auspices of GATT, the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) was signatory in 1974. The original intention was to establish a temporary measure. After four exhibitions, 54 textile import and export countries participated, which had a significant impact on international textile trade. A major agreement reached in the Uruguay Round is to require member states to convert their quantitative restrictions and VERs into standard tariffs. Although the progress of the abolition of MFA has been slow, they finally agreed to abolish MFA within 10 years. Since the World Trade Organization was established in 1995, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) has replaced MFA. The “safe-guard measures” of the Uruguay Round aimed to prohibit most VERs arrangements. This article details the need for European and American countries to phase out MFA quotas during that decade, as well as policy divergences between developing countries and developed countries. From its appearance on the world trade stage to its ending, MFA has caused political disputes in the trade of various countries, but during the MFA exhibition, it has indeed brought the quality upgrading effect in production of textile exporting countries. After the abolition of MFA, it also brought the quality downgrading effect in consumption of textile importing countries. This is an important research finding of this article, and it is also the intellectual heritage of this economic history that we must remember.