Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented extraordinary challenges that have
tested the resolve of the world and transformed our daily lives. We sought to
capture COVID-related attitudes and behaviors of older adults and relate these to views of adolescents from a
national study in the USA. Methods: This mixed-methods online
survey accepted responses from adult volunteers, age 55+, from April to July
2020 (N = 223). We used a snowball approach to recruitment initiated in the
state of Maine (USA). Results: Older respondents tended to report
congruent attitudes concerning COVID-19 risks and associated preventative
behaviors. Most reported taking Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
guidance seriously. In contrast, adolescents surveyed in a prior study reported
similar adherence, but less concern. Thematic review of open-ended responses
highlights key intergenerational similarities and differences. Discussion: COVID-19 has changed day-to-day life in myriad ways. Attitudes vary within and
between age groups. Further research could focus on intergenerational
differences in motivations underlying behaviors as well as differing needs for
public health education and support.
References
[1]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) Coronavirus (COVID 19). https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov
[2]
Oosterhoff, B. and Palmer, C. (2020, March 23) Psychological Correlates of News Monitoring, Social Distancing, Disinfecting, and Hoarding Behaviors among US Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rpcy4
[3]
Uscher-Pines, L., Maurer, J., Kellerman, A. and Harris, K.M. (2010) Healthy Young and Middle Age Adults: What Will It Take to Vaccinate Them for Influenza? Vaccine, 28, 7420-7422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.095
[4]
Perrotta, F., Corbi, G., Mazzeo, G., Boccia, M., Aronne, L., D’Agnano, V., Komici, K., Mazzarella, G., Parrella, R. and Bianco, A. (2020) COVID-19 and the Elderly: Insights into Pathogenesis and Clinical Decision-Making.Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01631-y
[5]
Wolf, M.S., Serper, M., Opsasnick, L., O’Conor, R.M., Curtis, L.M., Benavente, J.Y., Wismer, G., Batio, S., Eifler, M., Zheng, P. and Russell, A. (2020) Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 among Adults with Chronic Conditions at the Onset of the US Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Annals of Internal Medicine, 73, 100-109. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1239
[6]
Daoust, J.F. (2020) Elderly People and Responses to COVID-19 in 27 Countries. PLoS ONE, 15, e0235590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235590
[7]
Canning, D., Karra, M., Dayalu, R., Guo, M. and Bloom, D.E. (2020, April 23) The Association between Age, COVID-19 Symptoms, and Social Distancing Behavior in the United States. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20065219
[8]
Seale, H., Heywood, A.E., Leask, J., Steel, M., Thomas, S., Durrheim, D.N., Bolsewicz, K. and Kaur, R. (2020, June 23) COVID-19 Is Rapidly Changing: Examining Public Perceptions and Behaviors in Response to This Evolving Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20091298
[9]
Czeisler, M.é., Tynan, M.A., Howard, M.E., Honeycutt, S., Fulmer, E.B., Kidder, D.P., Robbins, R., Barger, L.K., Facer-Childs, E.R., Baldwin, G. and Rajaratnam, S.M. (2020) Public Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders, Nonessential Business Closures, and Public Health Guidance—United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5-12, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 751. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e1
[10]
Luo, Y., Cheng, Y. and Sui, M. (2021) The Moderating Effects of Perceived Severity on the Generational Gap in Preventive Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042011
[11]
Davey, J.W., Gugiu, P.C. and Coryn, C.L.S. (2010) Quantitative Methods for Estimating the Reliability of Qualitative Data. Journal of Multidisciplinary Education, 6, 140-162.
[12]
US Census Bureau (2017) Current Population Survey. https://www.equityinhighered.org/indicators/u-s-population-trends-and-educational-attainment/educational-attainment-by-age
[13]
Larsen, M.V., Petersen, M.B. and Nyrup, J. (2020) Do Survey Estimates of the Public’s Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations Suffer from Social Desirability Bias? Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3. https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.32.164
[14]
Gordon, R.A. (1987) Social Desirability Bias: A Demonstration and Technique for Its Reduction. Teaching of Psychology, 14, 40-42. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1401_11
[15]
Callow, M.A., Callow, D.D. and Smith, C. (2020) Older Adults’ Intention to Socially Isolate Once COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders Are Replaced with “Safer-at-Home” Public Health Advisories: A Survey of Respondents in Maryland. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 39, 1175-1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464820944704
[16]
Clements, J.M. (2020) Knowledge and Behaviors toward COVID-19 among US Residents during the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6, e19161. https://doi.org/10.2196/19161
[17]
Gerst-Emerson, K. and Jayawardhana, J. (2015) Loneliness as a Public Health Issue: The Impact of Loneliness on Health Care Utilization among Older Adults. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 1013-1019. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302427
[18]
Armitage, R. and Nellums, L.B. (2020) COVID-19 and the Consequences of Isolating the Elderly. The Lancet Public Health, 5, e256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X
[19]
Krendl, A.C. and Perry, B.L. (2020) The Impact of Sheltering in Place during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults’ Social and Mental Well-Being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76, e53-e58. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa110
[20]
van Tilburg, T.G., Steinmetz, S., Stolte, E., van der Roest, H. and de Vries, D.H. (2020, August 5) Loneliness and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study among Dutch Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76, e249-e255. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa111
[21]
Stolz, E., Mayerl, H. and Freidl, W. (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 Restriction Measures on Loneliness among Older Adults in Austria. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.08.20190397
[22]
Luchetti, M., Lee, J.H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J.E., Terracciano, A. and Sutin, A.R. (2020) The Trajectory of Loneliness in Response to COVID-19. American Psychologist, 75, 897-908. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000690
[23]
Smith, M.L., Steinman, L.E. and Casey, E.A. (2020) Combatting Social Isolation among Older Adults in a Time of Physical Distancing: The COVID-19 Social Connectivity Paradox. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 403. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00403
[24]
Brockie, L. and Miller, E. (2017) Understanding Older Adults’ Resilience during the Brisbane Floods: Social Capital, Life Experience, and Optimism.Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 11, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.161
[25]
Padesky, C.A. and Mooney, K.A. (2012) Strengths-Based Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: A 4-Step Model to Build Resilience. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1795
[26]
Kohlberg, L. (1985) Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.In: Crain, W.C., Ed., Theories of Development, Prentice-Hall, London, 118-136.