This study describes an ultrasonic velocity profiler that uses a new ultrasonic array transducer with unique 5-element configuration, with all five elements acting as transmitters and four elements as receivers. The receivers are designed to reduce the amount of uncertainty. As the fluid moves through this setup, four Doppler frequencies are obtained. The multi-dimensional velocity information along the measurement line can be reconstructed. The transducer has a compact geometry suitable for a wide range of applications, including narrow flow areas. The transducer’s basic frequency and sound pressure are selected and evaluated to be compatible with the application. First, to confirm the measurement ability, the measurement of the developed system in two-dimensional flow is validated by comparing it to the theoretical data. The uncertainty of measurement was within 15%. Second, the three-dimensional measurement in turbulent and swirling flow is proved experimentally to check the applicability of the proposed technique.
References
[1]
Chang, D. and Tavoularis, S. (2015) Hybrid Simulations of the Near Field of a Split-Vane Spacer Grid in a Rod Bundle. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 51, 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2014.07.005
[2]
Li, H. and Tomita, Y. (2000) Particle Velocity and Concentration Characteristics in a Horizontal Dilute Swirling Flow Pneumatic Conveying. Powder Technology, 107, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00181-3
[3]
Sommerfeld, M. and Qiu, H.H. (1991) Detailed Measurements in a Swirling Particulate Two-Phase Flow by a Phase-Doppler Anemometer. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 12, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-727X(91)90004-F
[4]
Rehme, K. (1987) The Structure of Turbulent Flow through Rod Bundles. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 99, 141-154.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(87)90116-6
[5]
Neti, S., Eichhorn, R. and Hahn, O.J. (1983) Laser Doppler Measurements of Flow in a Rod Bundle. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 74, 105-116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(83)90143-7
[6]
Ikeda, K. and Hoshi, M. (2006) Development of Rod-Embedded Fiber LDV to Measure Velocity in Fuel Rod Bundles. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 43, 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2006.9711077
[7]
Kumar, R. and Conover, T. (1993) Flow Visualization Studies of a Swirling Flow in a Cylinder. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 7, 254-262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(93)90009-8
[8]
McClusky, H.L., Holloway, M.V., Beasley, D.E. and Conner, M.E. (2002) Development of Swirling Flow in a Rod Bundle Subchannel. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 124, 747-755. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1478066
[9]
Satomura, S. (1957) Ultrasonic Doppler Method for the Inspection of Cardiac fuNctions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29, 1181-1185.
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908737
[10]
Baker, D.W. (1970) Pulsed Ultrasonic Doppler Blood-Flow Sensing. IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, 17, 170-185.
https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1970.29558
[11]
Peronneau, P., Sandman, W. and Xhaard, M. (1977) Blood Flow Patterns in Large Arteries. In: White, D.N. and Brown, R.E., Eds., Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol. 3B, Plenum Press, New York, London, 1193-1208.
[12]
Scabia, M., Calzolai, M., Capineri, L., Masotti, L. and Fort, A. (2000) A Real-Time Two-Dimensional Pulsed-Wave Doppler System. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 26, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00115-5
[13]
Fox, M.D. and Gardiner, M.W. (1988) Three-Dimensional Doppler Velocimetry of Flow Jets. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 35, 834-841.
https://doi.org/10.1109/10.7290
[14]
Dunmire, B.L., Beach, K.W., Labs, K.H., Detmer, P.R. and Strandness, D.E. (1995) A Vector Doppler Ultrasound Instrument. Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 2, Seattle, 7-10 November 1995, 1477-1480.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495834
[15]
Takeda, Y. (1986) Velocity Profile Measurement by Ultrasonic Doppler Shift Method. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 7, 313-318.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-727X(86)90011-1
[16]
Takeda, Y. (1991) Development of an Ultrasound Velocity Profile Monitor. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 126, 277-284.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(91)90117-Z
[17]
Kikuchi, K., Takeda, Y., Obayashi, H., Tezuka, M. and Sato, H. (2006) Measurement of LBE Flow Velocity Profile by UDVP. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 356, 273-279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.05.028
[18]
Kikura, H., Takeda, Y. and Durst, F. (1999) Velocity Profile Measurement of the Taylor Vortex Flow of a Magnetic Fluid Using the Ultrasonic Doppler Method. Experiments in Fluids, 26, 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050281
[19]
Eckert, S. and Gerbeth, G. (2002) Velocity Measurements in Liquid Sodium by Means of Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry. Experiments in Fluids, 32, 542-546.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0380-9
[20]
Mori, M., Takeda, Y., Taishi, T., Furuichi, N., Aritomi, M. and Kikura, H. (2002) Development of a Novel Flow Metering System Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Measurement. Experiments in Fluids, 32, 153-160.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480100295
[21]
Kikura, H., Yamanaka, G. and Aritomi, M. (2004) Effect of Measurement Volume Size on Turbulent Flow Measurement Using Ultrasonic Doppler Method. Experiments in Fluids, 36, 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0694-x
[22]
Batsaikhan, M., Zhang, Z.L., Takahashi, H. and Kikura, H. (2021) Development of Measurement System for Flow and Shape Using Array Ultrasonic Sensors. Journal of Flow Control, Measurement & Visualization, 9, 45-72.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jfcmv.2021.93004
[23]
Hamdani, A., Ihara, T. and Kikura, H. (2016) Experimental and Numerical Visualization of Swirling Flow in a Vertical Pipe. Journal of Visualization, 19, 369-382.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-015-0340-8
[24]
Shwin, S., Hamdani, A., Takahashi, H. and Kikura, H. (2017) Experimental Investigation of Two-Dimensional Velocity on the 90° Double Bend Pipe Flow Using Ultrasound Technique. World Journal of Mechanics, 7, 340-359.
https://doi.org/10.4236/wjm.2017.712026
[25]
Takahashi, H., Shwin, S., Hamdani, A., Fujisawa, N. and Kikura, H. (2020) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Swirling Flow on Triple Elbow Pipe Layout. Journal of Flow Control, Measurement & Visualization, 8, 45-62.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jfcmv.2020.82003
[26]
Hurther, D. and Lemmin, U. (1998) A Constant-Beam-Width Transducer for 3D Acoustic Doppler Profile Measurements in Open-Channel Flows. Measurement Science and Technology, 9, 1706-1714. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/9/10/010
[27]
Kasai, C., Namekawa, K., Koyano, A. and Omoto, R. (1985) Real-Time Two Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique. IEEE Transactions on Sonic and Ultrasonic, 32, 458-464. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1985.31615
[28]
Banerjee, S., Kundu, T. and Placko, D. (2006) Ultrasonic Field Modeling in Multilayered Fluid Structures Using the Distributed Point Source Method Technique. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 73, 598-609. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2164516
[29]
Taishi, T., Kikura, H. and Aritomi, M. (2002) Effect of the Measurement Volume in Turbulent Pipe Flow Measurement by the Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Method (Mean Velocity Profile and Reynolds Stress Measurement). Experiments in Fluids, 32, 188-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480100299
[30]
Rocklage-Marliani, G., Schmidts, M. and Ram, V.I.V. (2003) Three-Dimensional laser-Doppler Velocimeter Measurements in Swirling Turbulent Pipe Flow. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 70, 43-67.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:APPL.0000004913.82057.81
[31]
Takano, T., Ikarashi, Y., Uchiyama, K., Yamagata, T. and Fujisawa, N. (2016) Influence of Swirling Flow on Mass and Momentum Transfer Downstream of a Pipe with Elbow and Orifice. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 92, 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.08.087
