Background:Post stroke depression (PSD) is the most common psychiatric complication
following stroke. There has not been any study to demonstrate its burden in
Abakaliki, Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that we embarked on this study
of the frequency and pattern of PSD in Abakaliki Nigeria.Method:This is a cross-sectional observational hospital
based study undertaken at the Adult Neurology Outpatient Clinics of Alex
Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria from February
2021 to July 2021 (6 months period). Results: Amongst the 110 stroke
survivors enrolled in the study, 36 (32.7%) had Post Stroke Depression (PSD)
with preponderance of mild type. Female gender and young age were associated
with the presence of PSD. Conclusion: Post stroke depression is
prevalent amongst stroke survivors in Abakaliki, Nigeria and more preponderant
in women and young individuals.
References
[1]
Sacco, R.L., Kasner, S.E., Broderick, J.P., Caplan, L.R., Culebras, A., Elkind, M.S., George, M.G., et al. (2013) An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century. Stroke, 44, 2064-2089. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca
[2]
Khedr, E.M., Abdelrahman1, A.A., Desoky, T., Zaki, A.F. and Gamea, A. (2020) Post-Stroke Depression: Frequency, Risk Factors, and Impact on Quality of Life among 103 Stroke Patients-Hospital-Based Study. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, 56, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00199-8
[3]
Hackett, M.L., Yapa, C., Parag, V. and Anderson, C.S. (2005) Frequency of Depression after Stroke: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Stroke, 36, 1330-1340. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000165928.19135.35
[4]
Oni, O.D., Olagunju, A.T., Olisah, V.O., Aina, O.F. and Ojini, F.I. (2018) Post-Stroke Depression: Prevalence, Associated Factors and Impact on Quality of Life among Outpatients in a Nigerian Hospital. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 1058. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1058
[5]
Roth, M. (1955) The Natural History of Mental Disorder in Old Age. Journal of Mental Science, 101, 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.101.423.281
[6]
Folstein, M.F., Maiberger, R. and McHugh, P.R. (1977) Mood Disorder as a Specific Complication of Stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 40, 1018-1020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.40.10.1018
[7]
Feng, C., Fang, M. and Liu, X. (2014) The Neurobiological Pathogenesis of Poststroke Depression. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID: 521349. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/521349
[8]
Paolucci, S. (2008) Epidemiology and Treatment of Post-Stroke Depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S2017
[9]
Dong, L., Sánchez, B.N., Skolarus, L.E., Stulberg, E., Morgenstern, L.B. and Lisabeth, L.D. (2020) Sex Difference in Prevalence of Depression after Stroke. Neurology, 94, e1973-e1983. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009394
[10]
Richter, P., Werner, J. andrés, H., Kraus, A. and Sauer, H. (1998) On the Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. A Review. Psychopathology, 31, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1159/000066239
[11]
Adewuya, A.O., Ola, B.A. and Aloba (2007) Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorders and a Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory among Nigerian Adolescents. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0557-0
[12]
Ibeneme, S.C., Nwosu, A., Anyachukwu, C.C., Ibeneme, G.C., Bakare, M.O., Fortwengel, G. and Limaye, D. (2017) Burden and Factors Associated with Post-Stroke Depression in East Central Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 17, 859-867. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i3.29
[13]
Van de Weg, F.B., Kuik, D.J. and Lankhorst, G.J. (1999) Post-Stroke Depression and Functional Outcome: A Cohort Study Investigating the Influence of Depression on Functional Recovery from Stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation, 13, 268-272. https://doi.org/10.1191/026921599672495022
[14]
Ojagbemi, A., Akpa, O., Elugbadebo, F., Owolabi, M. and Ovbiagele, B. (2017) Depression after Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behavioural Neurology, 2017, Article ID: 4160259. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4160259
[15]
Eze, C.O. (2020) Stroke Pentagon: Stroke Management Approach in Resource Poor Settings. Global Journal of Health Science, 13, 57. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n1p57
[16]
Loubinoux, I., Kronenberg, G., Endres, M., Schumann-Bard, P., Freret, T., Filipkowski, R.K., Kaczmarek, L. and Popa-Wagner, A. (2012) Post-Stroke Depression: Mechanisms, Translation and Therapy. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 16, 1961-1969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01555.x
[17]
Feng, C., et al. (2014) The Neurobiological Pathogenesis of Poststroke Depression. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID: 521349. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/521349
[18]
Wang, Z., Zhu, M., Su, Z., Guan, B., Wang, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, N. and Wang, C. (2017) Post-Stroke Depression: Different Characteristics Based on Follow-Up Stage and Gender—A Cohort Perspective Study from Mainland China. Neurological Research, 39, 996-1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1364514
[19]
Hiraga, A. (2017) Gender Differences and Stroke Outcomes. Neuroepidemiology, 48, 61-62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475451
[20]
McCarthy, M.J., Sucharew, H.J., Alwell, K., Moomaw, C.J., Woo, D., Flaherty, M.L., Khatri, P., Ferioli, S., Adeoye, O., Kleindorfer, D.O. and Kissela, B.M. (2016) Age, Subjective Stress, and Depression after Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9663-0
[21]
Amaricai, E. and Poenaru, D.V. (2016) The Post-Stroke Depression and Its Impact on Functioning in Young and Adult Stroke Patients of a Rehabilitation Unit. Journal of Mental Health, 25, 137-141. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1022251
[22]
Kapoor, A., Si, K., Yu, A.Y., Lanctot, K.L., Herrmann, N., et al. (2019) Younger Age and Depressive Symptoms Predict High Risk of Generalized Anxiety after Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke, 50, 2359-2363. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025464
[23]
Srivastava, A., Taly, A., Gupta, A. and Murali, T. (2010) Post-Stroke Depression: Prevalence and Relationship with Disability in Chronic Stroke Survivors. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 13, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.64643
[24]
Ha, E.H. and Gantioque, R. (2020) Treatment of Post-Stroke Depression in Young Stroke Survivors. Stroke Research and Treatment, 5.
[25]
Tsehayneh, F. and Tafesse, A. (2020) High Prevalence of Poststroke Depression in Ischemic Stroke Patients in Ethiopia. Neurology Research International, 2020, Article ID: 8834299. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8834299
[26]
Paolucci, S., Gandolfo, C., Provinciali, L., Torta, R. and Toso, V. (2006) The Italian Multicenter Observational Study on Post-Stroke Depression (DESTRO). Journal of Neurology, 253, 556-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-006-0058-6
[27]
Zeng, Y.Y., Cheng, H.R., Cheng, L., Huang, G., Chen, Y.B., Tang, W.J. and He, J.C. (2021) Comparison of Poststroke Depression between Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36, 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5444
[28]
Towfighi, A., Ovbiagele, B., El Husseini, N., Hackett, M.L., Jorge, R.E., Kissela, B.M., et al. (2017) Poststroke Depression: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 48, e30-e43. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000113
[29]
Ayerbe, L., Ayis, S., Wolfe, C.D. and Rudd, A.G. (2013) Natural History, Predictors and Outcomes of Depression after Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107664
[30]
Ilut, S., Stan, A., Blesneag, A., Vacaras, V., Vesa, S. and Fodoreanu, L. (2017) Factors That Influence the Severity of Post-Stroke Depression. Journal of Medicine and Life, 10, 167-171.
[31]
Shi, Y., Yang, D., Zeng, Y. and Wu, W. (2017) Risk Factors for Post-Stroke Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, Article No. 218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00218
[32]
Backhouse, E.V., McHutchison, C.A., Cvoro, V., Shenkin, S.D. and Wardlaw, J.M. (2018) Cognitive Ability, Education and Socioeconomic Status in Childhood and Risk of Post-Stroke Depression in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 13, e0200525. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200525
[33]
McHutchison, C.A., Backhouse, E.V., Cvoro, V., Shenkin, S.D. and Wardlaw, J.M. (2017) Education, Socioeconomic Status and Intelligence in Childhood and Stroke Risk in Later Life: A Meta-Analysis. Epidemiology, 28, 608-618. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000675
[34]
Paul, N., Das, S., Hazra, A., Ghosal, M.K., Ray, B.K., Banerjee, T.K., et al. (2013) Depression among Stroke Survivors: A Community-Based, Prospective Study from Kolkata, India. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 821-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.013
