Information on Culex mosquitoes (vectors of filarial worm and
viral encephalitis) from northern Nigeria is scanty, hindering evidence-based
control. Here, two Culex populations (Kano and Kaduna) were
characterized. Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens were
found breeding in sympatry, with some hybrid individuals identified. Larval
bioassays revealed high temephos resistance (LC50s = 1.34 mg/mL and
3.01 mg/mL for Kano and Kaduna, respectively). Larvae were more sensitive to α-cypermethrin (LC50s = 0.026
mg/mL and 0.067 mg/mL for Kano and Kaduna). WHO adult tube bioassays revealed
high pyrethroid and DDT resistance, with mortalities of 44.01% ± 6.79%, 35.83%
± 12.58%, 29.69% ± 9.97% and 52.47% ± 4.34% for permethrin, deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin and DDT, respectively.
Highest resistance was observed with bendiocarb (mortality = 13.58% ± 3.98%).
High resistance was obtained with fenitrothion and malathion (mortalities = 21%
± 4.76% and 56.47% ± 8.67%, respectively), while a full susceptibility was
observed with pirimiphos-methyl. Pre-exposure to piperonylbutoxide (PBO)
significantly recovered α-cypermethrin
susceptibility (mortality = 82% ± 5.16%, χ2 = 50.99, p < 0.0001), compared with the conventional bioassay (mortality =
32 ± 7.30). Mortalities of <20% were obtained in cone bioassays with
Yorkool, DuraNet and PermaNet3.0 (side panels) nets, suggesting a loss of
efficacy of conventional long-lasting insecticidal nets. However, mortalities
of 99% and 86% were obtained in Kano and Kaduna populations using the roof of
PermaNet3.0 (containing PBO and
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