Coping and Caregiving-Satisfaction among Caregivers of Patients with Cancer at the Uganda Cancer Institute and Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda
This study aimed at investigating the relationship between coping and caregiving satisfaction among informal cancer caregivers in Ugandan referral hospitals. A convenient sample of 436 consenting informal care givers aged 18 years and above were interviewed; a cross-sectional design was used. Because of the difficulty in defining a fixed population for this category of care givers, whoever was found at the bed side meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited into the study. A tri-dimensional coping scale (namely; problem solving, denial and venting) was used to measure coping. After controlling for all the relevant covariates (Patient’s age, sex of care giver, education of caregiver, respondent’s age, respondent’s education level, respondent’s education, respondent’s country of origin, respondent’s religion, stage of cancer, score on burnout scale), the venting aspect of coping had a significant effect on caregiving satisfaction (F = 1.83, P-value = 0.03). The above covariates accounted for 41.3% of the variability in care giving satisfaction scores (R2 = 0.413). Venting as a coping mechanism had a significant effect on caregiving satisfaction. There is need to pay attention to the coping strategies of informal cancer caregivers to enhance their care giving experience. There is need to help caregivers develop healthy coping methods as they participate in cancer care.
References
[1]
Gallagher-Thompson, D. and Coon, D.W. (2007) Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Distress in Family Caregivers of Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 22, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.37
[2]
Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer, New York.
[3]
Teixeira, R.J., Applebaum, A.J., Bhatia, S. and Brandão, T. (2018) The Impact of Coping Strategies of Cancer Caregivers on Psychophysiological Outcomes: An Integrative Review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 207-215. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S164946
[4]
McMillan, S.C., Small, B.J., Weitzner, M., et al. (2006) Impact of Coping Skills Intervention with Family Caregivers of Hospice Patients with Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Cancer, 106, 214-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21567
[5]
Northouse, L.L., Katapodi, M.C., Schafenacker, A.M. and Weiss, D. (2012) The Impact of Caregiving on the Psychological Well-Being of Family Caregivers and Cancer Patients. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 28, 236-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2012.09.006
[6]
Deniz, M. (2006) The Relationships among Coping with Stress, Life Satisfaction, Decision-Making Styles and Decision Self-Esteem: An Investigation with Turkish University Students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34, 1161-1170. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.9.1161
[7]
Bell, A.C. and D’Zurilla, T.J. (2009) Problem-Solving Therapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 348-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.003
[8]
Currow, D., Aoun, S., Johnson, C. and Girgis, A. (2006) Challenges Experienced by Informal Caregivers in Cancer. Cancer Forum, 30, 21-25.
[9]
Nijboer, C., Tempelaar, R., Sanderman, R., Triemstra, M. and Spruijt, R.J. (1998) Cancer and Caregiving: The Impact on the Caregiver’s Health. Psycho-Oncology, 7, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199801/02)7:1%3C3::AID-PON320%3E3.0.CO;2-5
[10]
Karabulutlu, E.Y. (2014) Coping with Stress of Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients in Turkey. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 1, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-5625.135822
[11]
Babaoğlu, A.G.E. (2003) The Relationship between Psychological and Social Problems of the Spouses Who Cared for the Terminal Cancer Patients. Turkish Journal of Research & Development in Nursing, 2, 24-33.
[12]
Doorenbos, A.Z., Given, B., Given, C.W., et al. (2007) The Influence of End-of-Life Cancer Care on Caregivers. Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20217
[13]
Fitzell, A. and Pakenham, K.I. (2010) Application of a Stress and Coping Model to Positive and Negative Adjustment Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Caregiving. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1171-1178. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1666
[14]
Kim, Y., Schulz, R. and Carver, C.S. (2007) Benefit Finding in the Cancer Caregiving Experience. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180417cf4
[15]
Papastavrou, E., Charalambous, A. and Tsangari, H. (2009) Exploring the Other Side of Cancer Care: The Informal Caregiver. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2009.02.003
[16]
Kershaw, T., Northouse, L., Kritpracha, C., Schafenacker, A. and Mood, D. (2004) Coping Strategies and Quality of Life in Women with Advanced Breast Cancer and Their Family Caregivers. Psychology & Health, 19, 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440310001652687
[17]
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S., Gruen, R.J. and DeLongis, A. (1986) Appraisal, Coping, Health Status, and Psychological Symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571
[18]
Antony, L., George, L.S. and Jose, T.T. (2018) Stress, Coping, and Lived Experiences among Caregivers of Cancer Patients on Palliative Care: A Mixed Method Research. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 24, 313-319.
[19]
Rahmani, F., Ranjbar, F., Hosseinzadeh, M., Razavi, S.S., Dickens, G.L. and Vahidi, M. (2019) Coping Strategies of Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6, 148-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.006
[20]
Moos, R.H., Brennan, P.L., Fondacaro, M.R. and Moos, B.S. (1990) Approach and Avoidance Coping Responses among Older Problem and Nonproblem Drinkers. Psychology and Aging, 5, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.5.1.31
[21]
Aydogan, U., Doganer, Y.C., Komurcu, S., Ozturk, B., Ozet, A. and Saglam, K. (2016) Coping Attitudes of Cancer Patients and Their Caregivers and Quality of Life of Caregivers. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 22, 150-156. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.179598
[22]
Given, C.W., Given, B., Stommel, M., Collins, C., King, S. and Franklin, S. (1992) The Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA) for Caregivers to Persons with Chronic Physical and Mental Impairments. Research in Nursing & Health, 15, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770150406
[23]
Carver, C.S. (1997) You Want to Measure Coping but Your Protocol’s Too Long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
[24]
Kasuya, R.T., Polgar-Bailey, M.P. and Takeuchi, M.R. (2000) Caregiver Burden and Burnout a Guide for Primary Care Physicians. Postgraduate Medicine, 108, 119-123.
[25]
Toseland, R.W., McCallion, P., Smith, T., Huck, S., Bourgeois, P. and Garstka, T.A. (2001) Health Education Groups for Caregivers in an HMO. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 551-570. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1028
[26]
Miltiades, H.B. and Pruchno, R. (2002) The Effect of Religious Coping on Caregiving Appraisals of Mothers of Adults with Developmental Disabilities. The Gerontologist, 42, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.1.82
[27]
Sun, F., Kosberg, J.I., Kaufman, A.V. and Leeper, J.D. (2010) Coping Strategies and Caregiving Outcomes among Rural Dementia Caregivers. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 547-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2010.496823
[28]
Savard, J., Leduc, N., Lebel, P., Béland, F. and Bergman, H. (2006) Caregiver Satisfaction with Support Services: Influence of Different Types of Services. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264305280979
[29]
Papastavrou, E., Charalambous, A. and Tsangari, H. (2012) How Do Informal Caregivers of Patients with Cancer Cope: A Descriptive Study of the Coping Strategies Employed. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 258-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2011.06.001
[30]
Arnold, M.B. (1960) Emotion and Personality. Columbia University Press, New York.
[31]
Haley, W.E., Levine, E.G., Brown, S.L. and Bartolucci, A.A. (1987) Stress, Appraisal, Coping, and Social Support as Predictors of Adaptational Outcome among Dementia Caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 2, 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.2.4.323
[32]
Pruchno, R.A. and Resch, N.L. (1989) Mental Health of Caregiving Spouses: Coping as Mediator, Moderator, or Main Effect? Psychology and Aging, 4, 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.4.454
[33]
Penley, J.A., Tomaka, J. and Wiebe, J.S. (2002) The Association of Coping to Physical and Psychological Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 551-603. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020641400589
[34]
Folkman, S. (2008) The Case for Positive Emotions in the Stress Process. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701740457
[35]
Fresco, D.M., Mennin, D.S., Heimberg, R.G. and Ritter, M. (2013) Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 282-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.02.001