Age-related changes in the body composition of older adults differ among
age groups. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the characteristics
of body compositions in young (age, 65 - 74 years; yE group) and old (age, ≥75 years; oE
group) elderly women, and compare the relationship between muscle mass and
strength in elderly women with that in young women for preventing motor
function loss in older adults. A total of 30 elderly and 45 young women aged ≥65 and 19 - 22 years, respectively,
participated in this study. The participants underwent body composition
measurement via bioelectrical impedance analysis and examinations of handgrip
and leg muscle strength. The age-related body composition changes varied among
age groups. Compared with young women, fat-free mass (FFM) in the yE group did
not decrease significantly; however, fat mass (FM) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were
significantly greater. Compared with the yE group, decreases in FFM, FM, and
WHR in the oE group were significant; furthermore, the decrease in FM
measurements was attributed to the loss of FM in the trunk and limbs (upper and
lower). The measurement results suggested that the greater FM decrease in the
oE group was characterized by decreases in both visceral and subcutaneous fat.
In the yE group, the muscle mass was comparable to that in young women;
however, there was a remarkable reduction in the lower-limb muscle mass (9% - 10%). In the oE group,
muscle mass was reduced in all body parts, including upper and lower limbs and
trunk. In young women, significant positive correlations between muscle mass
and muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs were observed. No such
correlations in the lower limbs were found in elderly women, indicating that
muscle mass is not proportionally reflected in muscle strength. In conclusion,
for improving and maintaining the health of elderly women, especially those
above the age of 75 years, it is important to maintain muscle mass, including
muscle strength, and prevent the loss of muscle quality.
References
[1]
Cabinet Office Japan (2021) Annual Report on the Ageing Society. (In Japanese) https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2021/html/zenbun/s1_2_2.html
[2]
Nakamura, K. and Ogata, T. (2016) Locomotive Syndrome: Definition and Management. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 14, 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-016-9208-2
[3]
Ishibashi, H. (2018) Locomotive Syndrome in Japan. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, 4, 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afos.2018.09.004
[4]
Cunningham, C., O’Sullivan, R., Caserotti, P. and Tully, M.A. (2020) Consequences of Physical Inactivity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Reviews and Meta-analyses. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30, 816-827. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13616
[5]
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2012) A Basic Direction for Comprehensive Implementation of National Health Promotion. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/0000047330.pdf
[6]
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2019) National Health and Nutrition Survey. (In Japanese) https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000711005.pdf
[7]
Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Müller, P., Müller, N., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L.L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C.S., Mataruna, L., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K., Khacharem, A., Bragazzi, N.L., Chamari, K., Glenn, J.M., Bott, N.T., Gargouri, F., Chaari, L., Batatia, H., Ali, G.M., Abdlkarim, O., Jarraya, M., Abed, K.E., Souissi, N., Gemert-Pijnen, L.V., Riemann, B.L., Riemann, L., Moalla, W., Gomez-Raja, J., Epstein, M., Sanderman, R., Schulz, S.V.W., Jerg, A., Al-Horani, R., Mansi, T., Jmail, M., Barbosa, F., Ferreira-Santos, F., Šimunič, B., Pišot, R., Gaggioli, A., Bailey, S.J., Steinacker, J.M., Driss, T. and Hoekelmann, A. (2020) Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients, 12, Article No. 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061583
[8]
Yamada, M., Kimura, Y., Ishiyama, D., Otobe, Y., Suzuki, M., Koyama, S., Kikuchi, T., Kusumi, H. and Arai, H. (2020) Effect of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Physical Activity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 24, 948-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1501-6
[9]
Bailey, L., Ward, M., DiCosimo, A., Baunta, S., Cunningham, C., Romeo-Ortuno, R., Kenny, R.A., Purcell, R., Lannon, R., McCarroll, K., Nee, R., Robinson, D., Lavan, A. and Briggs, R. (2021) Physical and Mental Health of Older People While Cocooning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 114, 648-653. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab015
[10]
Makizako, H., Shimada, H., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., Lee, S., Lee, S.C., Harada, K., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., Bae, S., Harada, K., Yoshida, D., Uemura, K., Anan, Y., Park, H. and Suzuki, T. (2017) Age-Dependent Changes in Physical Performance and Body Composition in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 8, 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12197
[11]
Imagama, S., Ando, K., Kobayashi, K., Machino, M., Tanaka, S., Morozumi, M., Kanbara, S., Ito, S., Seki, T., Ishizuka, S., Nakashima, H., Ishiguro, N. and Hasegawa, Y. (2020) Differences of Locomotive Syndrome and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Elderly People: Pain, Osteoarthritis, Spinal Alignment, Body Balance, and Quality of Life. Modern Rheumatology, 30, 921-929. https://doi.org/10.1080/14397595.2019.1665616
[12]
Fried, L.P., Tangen, C.M., Walston, J., Newman, A.B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W.J., Burke, G. and McBurnie, M.A. (2001) Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56, M146-M156. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146
[13]
Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S.B. and Ross, R. (2002) Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 889-896. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x
[14]
Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S.B., Wang, Z.M. and Ross, R. (2000) Skeletal Muscle Mass and Distribution in 468 Men and Women Aged 18-88 yr. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81
[15]
Hayashida, I., Tanimoto, Y., Takahashi, Y., Kusabiraki, T. and Tamaki, J. (2014) Correlation Between Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass, and Their Association with Walking Speed, in Community-Dwelling Elderly Japanese Individuals. PLOS ONE, 9, Article ID: e111810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111810
[16]
Xu, L., Zhang, J., Shen, S., Hong, X., Zeng, X., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Chen, L. and Chen, X. (2020) Association between Body Composition and Frailty in Elder Inpatients. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 15, 313-320. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S243211
[17]
Falsarella, G.R., Gasparotto, L.P.R., Barcelos, C.C., Coimbra, I.B., Moretto, M.C., Pascoa, M.A., Ferreira, T.C. and Coimbra, A.M. (2015) Body Composition as a Frailty Marker for the Elderly Community. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10, 1661-1666. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S84632
[18]
Genton, L., Karsegard, V.L., Chevalley, T., Kossovsky, M.P., Darmon, P. and Pichard, C. (2011) Body Composition Changes over 9 Years in Healthy Elderly Subjects and Impact of Physical Activity. Clinical Nutrition, 30, 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.009
[19]
Reed, R.L., Pearlmutter, L., Yochum, K., Meredith, K.E. and Mooradian, A.D. (1991) The Relationship between Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength in the Elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 555-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03592.x
[20]
Kriemler, S., Puder, J., Zahner, L., Roth, R., Braun-Fahrländer, C. and Bedogni, G. (2009) Cross-Validation of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for the Assessment of Body Composition in a Representative Sample of 6- to 13-Year-Old Children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, 619-626. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2008.19
[21]
Kim, M., Shinkai, S., Murayama, H. and Mori, S. (2015) Comparison of Segmental Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for the Assessment of Body Composition in a Community-Dwelling Older Population. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 15, 1013-1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12384
[22]
Utter, A.C. and Lambeth, P.G. (2010) Evaluation of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Assessing Body Composition of Wrestlers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42, 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b2e8b4
[23]
Bedogni, G., Malavolti, M., Severi, S., Poli, M., Mussi, C., Fantuzzi, A.L. and Battistini, N. (2002) Accuracy of an Eight-Point Tactile-Electrode Impedance Method in the Assessment of Total Body Water. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 1143-1148. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601466
[24]
Omori, G., Koga, Y., Tanaka, M., Nawata, A., Watanabe, H., Narumi, K. and Endoh, K. (2013) Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Its Relationship to Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis in Japanese Elderly. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 18, 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-013-0383-4
[25]
Narumi, K., Funaki, Y., Yoshimura, N., Muraki, S., Omori, G., Nawata, A. and Seki, R. (2017) Quadriceps Muscle Strength Reference Value as Index for Functional Deterioration of Locomotive Organs: Data from 3617 Men and Women in Japan. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 22, 765-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos.2017.03.012
[26]
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2017) National Health and Nutrition Survey. (In Japanese) https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000451760.pdf
[27]
Hughes, V.A., Frontera, W.R., Roubenoff, R., Evans, W.J. and Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2002) Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition in Older Men and Women: Role of Body Weight Changes and Physical Activity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.2.473
[28]
World Health Organization (2008) Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44583/?sequence=1
[29]
Buffa, R., Floris, G.U., Putzu, P.F. and Marini, E. (2011) Body Composition Variations in Ageing. Collegium Antropologicum, 35, 259-265.
[30]
Seino, S., Shinkai, S., Iijima, K., Obuchi, S., Fujiwara, Y., Yoshida, H., Kawai, H., Nishi, M., Murayama, H., Taniguchi, Y., Amano, H. and Takahashi, R. (2015) Reference Values and Age Differences in Body Composition of Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Men and Women: A Pooled Analysis of Four Cohort Studies. PLOS ONE, 10, Article ID: e0131975. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131975
[31]
Ding, J., Kritchevsky, S.B., Newman, A.B., Taaffe, D.R., Nicklas, B.J., Visser, M., Lee, J.S., Nevitt, M., Tylavsky, F.A., Rubin, S.M., Pahor, M. and Harris, T.B. (2007) Effects of Birth Cohort and Age on Body Composition in a Sample of Community-Based Elderly. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 405-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.2.405
[32]
Lesser, G.T. and Markofsky, J. (1979) Body Water Compartments with Human Aging Using Fat-Free Mass as the Reference Standard. American Journal of Physiology, 236, R215-R220. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1979.236.3.R215
[33]
Schoeller, D.A. (1989) Changes in Total Body Water with Age. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50, 1176-1181. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/50.5.1176
[34]
Dipietro, L. (2001) Physical Activity in Aging: Changes in Patterns and Their Relationship to Health and Function. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.suppl_2.13
[35]
Goodpaster, B.H., Park, S.W., Harris, T.B., Kritchevsky, S.B., Nevitt, M., Schwartz, A.V., Simonsick, E.M., Tylavsky, F.A., Visser, M. and Newman, A.B. (2006) The Loss of Skeletal Muscle Strength, Mass, and Quality in Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 61, 1059-1064. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059
[36]
Lexell, J., Taylor, C.C. and Sjöström, M. (1988) What Is the Cause of the Ageing Atrophy? Total Number, Size and Proportion of Different Fiber Types Studied in Whole Vastus Lateralis Muscle from 15- to 83-Year-Old Men. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 84, 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(88)90132-3
[37]
McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I. and Katch, V.L. (2010) Exercise Physiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
[38]
Narici, M.V., Maganaris, C.N., Reeves, N.D. and Capodaglio, P. (2003) Effect of Aging on Human Muscle Architecture. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, 2229-2234. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00433.2003
[39]
Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H., Azuma, K., Ishizu, M., Kuno, S.-Y., Okada, M. and Fukunaga, T. (2003) Muscle Architectural Characteristics in Women Aged 20-79 Years. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200301000-00007
[40]
Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H., Azuma, K., Ishizu, M., Kuno, S.-Y., Okada, M. and Fukunaga, T. (2003) Muscle Architectural Characteristics in Young and Elderly Men and Women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-38204
