Objective: To investigate the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), analyze the risk factors of ROP, and put forward effective screening strategies, to reduce its incidence. Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease that can happen in new born premature (born early) babies or have weigh less than 3 pounds at birth. ROP happens when abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina. There are multiple risk factors, which are causing the ROP. In our study we will analyses the risk factors of ROP. Methods: From February 2016 to August 2021, 190 premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who received inpatient care and ophthalmic screening was selected as study subjects. ROP group (n = 32) and non-ROP group (n = 158) were selected, and the clinical data of the two groups were compared. Including oxygen concentration, mechanical ventilation, broncho pulmonic dysplasia, delivery mode (cesarean section, vaginal delivery), blood transfusion, anemia, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, fetal distress, preterm birth weight, gestation age, etc. Women were divided into two groups according to whether they had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or not: gestational diabetic (n = 38) and non-gestational diabetics (n = 152). Age, pregnancy times, birth times, oxygen inhalation, birth weight, and gestational age were compared between the two groups. The X2 test for counting data and the t-test for measuring data are then conducted according to the distribution characteristics of the data, The correlation analysis between ROP and a single risk factor was performed by chi-square test, and the analysis of the correlation between many risk factors and ROP was conducted by Logistic regression analysis. Results: 1) The incidence of ROP in the GDM group was higher than that in the non-GDM group (P < 0.05). 2) Gestational age and birth weight in gestational diabetes mellitus were slightly higher than those in non-gestational diabetic group. But there was no difference in gestational age, birth weight, birth times, gestational times, and age between the two groups (P > 0.05). 3) Univariate analysis showed that oxygen use, birth weight, gestational age, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and fetal distress in the ROP group and non-ROP group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no difference in gender, mechanical ventilation, maternal age, and delivery mode between
References
[1]
Gilbert, C., et al. (1997) Retinopathy of Prematurity in Middle-Income Countries. The Lancet, 350, 12-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01107-0
[2]
Watanabe, D., et al. (2005) Erythropoietin as a Retinal Angiogenic Factor in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 782-792. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041773
[3]
Hartnett, M.E. and Penn, J.S. (2012) Mechanisms and Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 2515-2526. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208129
[4]
Suk, K.K., et al. (2008) Human Recombinant Erythropoietin and the Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Multiple Regression Model. Journal of AAPOS, 12, 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.08.009
[5]
Dai, Y., et al. (2022) Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity Treatment in Extremely Preterm Infants in China. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 36, 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12810
[6]
Wang, Y.H., et al. (2006) Effects of Different Oxygen Inhalation Modes on Retinal Vessels Development in Neonatal Mice. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 8, 129-132.
[7]
Li, W.L., et al. (2011) Analysis of Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 4, 631-633.
[8]
Shah, P.K., et al. (2016) Retinopathy of Prematurity: Past, Present, and Future. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 5, 35-46. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v5.i1.35
[9]
Te Pas, A.B. (2017) Improving Neonatal Care with Technology. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 5, Article No. 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00110
[10]
Zhang, W.W., et al. (2022) Treatment Status of Extremely Premature Infants with Gestational Age < 28 Weeks in a Chinese Perinatal Center from 2010 to 2019. World Journal of Pediatrics, 18, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-021-00481-6
[11]
Alajbegovic-Halimic, J., et al. (2015) Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Premature Born Children. Medical Archives, 69, 409-413. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2015.69.409-413
[12]
Chen, M., et al. (2011) Infection, Oxygen, and Immaturity: Interacting Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Neonatology, 99, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1159/000312821
[13]
Hirabayashi, H., et al. (2010) Inhibitory Effects of Maternal Smoking on the Development of Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity. Eye (London), 24, 1024-1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.263
[14]
Lee, J.W., et al. (2013) Pregnancy Disorders Appear to Modify the Risk for Retinopathy of Prematurity Associated with Neonatal Hyperoxemia and Bacteremia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 26, 811-818. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2013.764407
[15]
Au, S.C.L., et al. (2015) Association between Hyperglycemia and Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Scientific Reports, 5, Article No. 9091. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09091
[16]
Kim, S.J., et al. (2018) Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Review of Risk Factors and Their Clinical Significance. Survey of Ophthalmology, 63, 618-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.002
[17]
Pons, M. and Marin-Castaño, M.E. (2011) Nicotine Increases the VEGF/PEDF Ratio in Retinal Pigment Epithelium: A Possible Mechanism for CNV in Passive Smokers with AMD. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52, 3842-3853. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6254
[18]
Hou, Y., et al. (2020) Risk Factors and Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Protocol for Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 99, e22695. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022695
[19]
Kwon, J.-W. and Oh, J. (2022) Aqueous Humor Analyses in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy Who Had Undergone Panretinal Photocoagulation. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2022, Article ID: 1897344. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1897344
[20]
Yang, Y. and Wu, N. (2022) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia: Correlation and Influencing Factors. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, Article ID: 831297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.831297
[21]
Kang, H.G., et al. (2022) Oxygen Care and Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Ocular and Neurological Prognosis. Scientific Reports, 12, Article No. 341. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04221-8
[22]
Sharma, D., Shastri, S. and Sharma, P. (2016) Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics, 10, 67-83. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMPed.S40070
[23]
Azami, M., et al. (2018) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Ophthalmology, 18, Article No. 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0732-3
[24]
Rakic, J.M., et al. (2003) Placental Growth Factor, a Member of the VEGF Family, Contributes to the Development of Choroidal Neovascularization. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44, 3186-3193. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-1092
[25]
Freitas, A.M., et al. (2018) Incidence and Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Retina and Vitreous, 4, Article No. 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-018-0125-z
[26]
Vähätupa, M., Järvinen, T.A.H. and Uusitalo-Järvinen, H. (2020) Exploration of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model to Discover New Therapeutic Drug Targets in Retinopathies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, Article No. 873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00873
[27]
Wu, W.C., et al. (2010) Retinopathy of Prematurity and Maternal Age. Retina, 30, 327-331. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181ba246f
[28]
Hwang, J.H., Lee, E.H. and Kim, E.A. (2015) Retinopathy of Prematurity among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea: Incidence, Treatment, and Risk Factors. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 30, S88-S94. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.S1.S88
[29]
DellaCroce, J.T. and Vitale, A.T. (2008) Hypertension and the Eye. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 19, 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283129779
[30]
Di Fiore, J.M., et al. (2010) A Higher Incidence of Intermittent Hypoxemic Episodes Is Associated with Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity. The Journal of Pediatrics, 157, 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.046
[31]
Hellström, A., Smith, L.E. and Dammann, O. (2013) Retinopathy of Prematurity. The Lancet, 382, 1445-1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60178-6
[32]
Yang, Y., et al. (2018) Cryptotanshinone Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Glucose Metabolism via STAT3/SIRT3 Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancer Medicine, 7, 4610-4618. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1691
[33]
Aydemir, I., et al. (2020) Adjuvant Effects of Chemotherapeutics and Metformin on MFE-319 Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Line. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, 61, 707-714. https://doi.org/10.47162/RJME.61.3.09
[34]
Di, Y., et al. (2015) The Mechanism of CCN1-Enhanced Retinal Neovascularization in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy through PI3K/Akt-VEGF Signaling Pathway. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 9, 2463-2473. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S79782
[35]
Ratra, D., Akhundova, L. and Das, M.K. (2017) Retinopathy of Prematurity like Retinopathy in Full-Term Infants. Oman Journal of Ophthalmology, 10, 167-172. https://doi.org/10.4103/ojo.OJO_141_2016
[36]
Bas, A.Y., et al. (2018) Incidence, Risk Factors and Severity of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Turkey (TR-ROP Study): A Prospective, Multicentre Study in 69 Neonatal Intensive Care Units. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 102, 1711-1716. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311789
[37]
Mutlu, F.M. and Sarici, S.U. (2013) Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Review of Conventional and Promising New Therapeutic Options. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 6, 228-236.
