Background: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) is an important human
bacterial pathogen. This organism possesses many virulence factors,
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxinone of these. Aim: Detection of
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin SpeA and SpeB in isolated Streptococcus
pyogenes. Methods: Tow hundred throat swab samples were collected
from children with pharyngitis referred to Pediatric Teaching hospital and ENT
hospital Wad medani, Sudan, from January to November 2021. The questionnaire was filled out to collect clinical and demographic data. Throat
swabs were collected and processed with the standard microbiological procedure
to isolate Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
was done on all
GAS isolates using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method according to clinical
laboratory standard institute (CLSI) guidelines. Detection of Spy 1258 gene and
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins SpeA and SpeB were done by using Multiplex
PCR. Results: Amongst the Tow hundred collected samples fifty-one isolates (25.5%) were identified as S. pyogenes.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that all the GAS isolates were
sensitive to Azithromycin and Penicillin. Sensitivity to Erythromycin,
Gentamicin, Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin and Cephalexin were 88.2%, 86.3%, 45.1%, 41.2%, 13.7%,
respectively. SpeA was detected in 17 (33.3%) and SpeB in 48 (94.1%). Conclusion: Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes SpeA and SpeB were detected in 17 (33.3%)
and 48 (94.1%) respectively of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates.
References
[1]
Chuan, C.-N., and Wu, J.-J. (2008) Effects of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin B on Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 107, 677-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60112-6
[2]
Friaes, A., Pinto, F.R., Silva-Costa, C., Ramirez, M. and Melo-Cristino, J. (2013) Superantigen Gene Complement of Streptococcus pyogenes—Relationship with Other Typing Methods and Short-Term Stability. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 32, 115-125.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1726-3
[3]
Borek, A.L., Obszańska, K., Hryniewicz, W. and Sitkiewicz, I. (2012) Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence Factors by Multiplex PCR. Virulence, 3, 529-533.
https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.21540
[4]
Proft, T. and Fraser, J.D. (2016) Streptococcal Superantigens: Biological Properties and Potential Role in Disease. In: Ferretti, J.J., Stevens, D.L. and Fischetti, V.A., Eds., Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City.
[5]
Helal, Z.M., Rizk, D.E., Adel El-Sokkary, M.M. and Hassan, R. (2020) Prevalence and Characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes Clinical Isolates from Different Hospitals and Clinics in Mansoura. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020, Article ID: 5814945. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5814945
[6]
Chang, H.S., Shen, X.Z., Huang, G.Y., Fu, Z., Zheng, Y.J., Wang, L.B., Li, C.R., Liu, L., Shen, Y. and Liu, X.R. and Yang, Y.H. (2011) Molecular Analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains Isolated from Chinese Children with Pharyngitis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 69, 117-122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.09.011
[7]
Spaulding, A.R., Salgado-Pabón, W., Kohler, P.L., Horswill, A.R., Leung, D.Y. and Schlievert, P.M. (2013) Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Superantigen Exotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 26, 422-447. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00104-12
[8]
Kalia, A. and Bessen, D.E. (2003) Presence of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A and C Genes in Human Isolates of Group G Streptococci. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 219, 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00022-3
[9]
Wu, P.-C., Lo, W.-T., Chen, S.-J. and Wang, C.-C. (2014) Molecular Characterization of Group A Streptococcal Isolates Causing Scarlet Fever and Pharyngitis among Young Children: A Retrospective Study from a Northern Taiwan Medical Center. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 47, 304-310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2013.02.007
[10]
Sayyahfar, S., Fahimzad, A., Naddaf, A. and Tavassoli, S. (2015) Antibiotic Susceptibility Evaluation of Group A Streptococcus Isolated from Children with Pharyngitis: A Study from Iran. Infection & Chemotherapy, 47, 225-230.
https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2015.47.4.225
[11]
Camara, M., Dieng, A. and Boye, C.S.B. (2013) Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes Isolated from Respiratory Tract Infections in Dakar, Senegal. Microbiology Insights, 6, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.4137/MBI.S12996
[12]
Kebede, D., Admas, A. and Mekonnen, D. (2021) Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus pyogenes among Pediatric Patients with Acute Pharyngitis at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Microbiology, 21, Article number: 135.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-021-02196-0
[13]
Li, H.X., Zhou, L., Zhao, Y., Ma, L.J., Liu, X.Y. and Hu, J. (2020) Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Group A Streptococcus Recovered from Patients in Beijing, China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20, Article number: 507.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05241-x
[14]
Sunaoshi, K., Murayama, S.Y., Adachi, K., Yagoshi, M., Okuzumi, K., Chiba, N., Morozumi, M. and Ubukata, K. (2010) Molecular Emm Genotyping and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subsp. equisimilis Isolated from Invasive and Non-Invasive Infections. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 59, 82-88.
https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.013201-0
[15]
Ali, H.N., Dhahi, M.A.R. and Abd, A.K.H. (2015) Molecular Screening for Erythromycin Resistance Genes in Streptococcus pyogenes Isolated from Iraqi Patients with Tonsilo-Pharyngites. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14, 2251-2257.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.14365
[16]
Dunne, E.M., Marshall, J.L., Baker, C.A., Manning, J., Gonis, G., Danchin, M.H., Smeesters, P.R., Satzke, C. and Steer, A.C. (2013) Detection of Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis by Quantitative PCR. BMC Infectious Diseases, 13, Article number: 312. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-312
[17]
Rivera, A., Rebollo, M., Miro, E., Mateo, M., Navarro, F., Gurguí, M., Mirelis, B. and Coll, P. (2006) Superantigen Gene Profile, Emm Type and Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Group A Streptococcal Isolates from Barcelona, Spain. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55, 1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46481-0
[18]
Louie, L., Simor, A.E., Louie, M., Mcgeer, A. and Low, D.E. (1998) Diagnosis of Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Fasciitis by Using PCR to Amplify the Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin B Gene. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 1769-1771.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.6.1769-1771.1998
[19]
Nandi, S., Chakraborti, A., Bakshi, D.K., Rani, A., Kumar, R. and Ganguly, N.K. (2002) Association of Pyrogenic Exotoxin Genes with Pharyngitis and Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic Heart Disease among Indian Isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35, 237-241.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01176.x
