Effect of Tide on Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Some Physical and Chemicals Parameters in the Shallow Estuary of the Kienke River (Kribi Deep Sea Port Area, South Cameroon Coast)
The aim of this study was to highlight the effect of tide on the variation of the physicochemical parameter in the Kienké estuary. Six (06) environmental variables were monitored at nine (09) stations with the time step of one hour from 7 am to 7 pm on 4th？August 2019. The hovmuller analysis showed that salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and pH values increased during the flood phase and decreased during the ebb phase while oxygen concentration decreased during the flood and increased during the ebb phase. The stratification parameter has shown that the influx of seawater during high tide shifts the Kienké estuary from a well-mixed to a partially mixed environment.
References
[1]
da Silva, A.S.X., Noriega, C., Koening, M.L., Montes, M.F. and Araujo, M. (2017) Distribution of Nutrients and Changes in Phytoplankton Composition in a Tropical Mesotidal Estuary, Northeastern Brazil. Open Journal of Ecology, 7, 460-494.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2017.77032
[2]
Ortega-Cisneros, K., Scharler, U.M. and Whitfield, A.K. (2014) Inlet Mouth Phase Influences Density, Variability and Standing Stocks of Plankton Assemblages in Temporarily Open/Closed Estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 136, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.11.021
[3]
Hernández-Ayón, J.M., Galindo-Bect, M.S., Flores-Báez, B.P. and Alvarez-Borrego, S. (1993) Nutrient Concentrations Are High in the Turbid Waters of the Colorado River Delta. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 37, 593-602.
https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1993.1075
[4]
Balls, P.W. (1994) Nutrient Inputs to Estuaries from Nine Scottish East Coast Rivers; Influence of Estuarine Processes on Inputs to the North Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 39, 329-352. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1068
[5]
Constanza, R., d’Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. and Van Den Belt, M. (1998) The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Ecological Economics, 25, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00019-6
[6]
Renshun, Z. (1992) Suspended Sediment Transport Processes on Tidal Mud Flat in Jiangsu Province, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 35, 225-233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80045-9
[7]
Das, S., Giri, S., Das, I., Chanda, A., Akhand, A., Mukhopadhyay, A., Maity, S., and Hazra, S. (2016) Tide Induced Annual Variability of Selected Physico-Chemical Characteristics in the Northern Bay of Bengal (nBoB) with a Special Emphasis on Tropical Cyclone-Phailin, 2013. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science, 45, 952-959.
[8]
Engle, V.D., Kurtz, J.C., Smith, L.M., Chancy, C. and Bourgeois, P. (2007) A Classification of US Estuaries Based on Physical and Hydrologic Attributes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129, 397-412.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9372-9
[9]
De Miranda, L.B., Andulta, F.P., Kierfve, B., and De Castro Filho, B.M. (2017) Fundamentals of Estuarine Physical Oceanography. Vol. 8, Springer, Singapore.
[10]
Mofjeld, H. (1973) Dyer, K. R. 1973. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction. Wiley-Interscience, New York and London. xv + I40 p. ?3.00. Lymnology and Oceanography, 18, 1012. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.1012
[11]
Shivaprasad, A., Vinita, J., Revichandran, C., Reny, P.D., Deepak, M.P., Muraleedharan, K.R. and Naveen Kumar, K.R. (2013) Seasonal Stratification and Property Distributions in a Tropical Estuary (Cochin Estuary, West Coast, India). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-187-2013
[12]
Folack, J., Mbome, I.L., Bokwe, A. and Tangang, A. (1991) Cameroon Coastal Profile. Ministry of the Environment, Large Marine Ecosystem Project for the Gulf of Guinea. MINEF-Cmr/United Nations Industrial Development/UNDP-GEP Meaning United Nations Development Programme—Global Environment Facility, 102 p.
[13]
GWP-Cmr (2011) Plan d’Action National de Gestion Integree des Ressources En Eau (PANGIRE), Rapport sur l’état des lieux du secteur eau et environnement au Cameroun, Tome 2, 35-180.
[14]
Mama, A.C. (2019) Structure et dynamique hydrobiogéochimique des estuaires du Cameroun: Cas du Nyong et de la Kienké sur la Cote Atlantique méridionale au sud de la Sanaga, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Douala, Douala, 196 p.
[15]
Olivry, J.C. (1986) Fleuves et rivières du Cameroun. Monographies hydrologiques ORSTOM, No. 9.
[16]
Lienou, G. (2007) Impacts de la variabilité climatique sur les ressources en eau et les transports de matières en suspension de quelques bassins versants représentatifs au Cameroun. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, 486 p.
[17]
Sighomnou, D. (2004) Analyse et redéfinition des régimes climatiques et hydrologiques du Cameroun: Perspectives d’évolution des ressources en eau. Thèse de doctorat d’état ès-sciences. Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 290 p.
[18]
SOGREAH-GWP-Cmr (2012) Rapport d’établissement du Projet de Port en Eau Profonde de Kribi, 1712740—Rapport no.1 d’Etablissement, 20 p.
[19]
Mama, A.C., Ghepdeu, G.F.Y., Ndam, J.R.E.N., Bonga, M.D., Onana, F.M. and Onguene, R. (2018) Assessment of Water Quality in the Lower Nyong Estuary (Cameroon, Atlantic Coast) from Environmental Variables and Phytoplankton Communities Composition. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2017.2454
[20]
Mama, A.C., Bodo, W.K.A., Ghepdeu, G.F.Y., Ajonina, G.N. and Ndam, J.R.N. (2021) Understanding Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Water Quality Parameters in Mangrove Estuary of the Nyong River Using Multivariate Analysis (Cameroon Southern Atlantic Coast). Open Journal of Marine Science, 11, 103-128.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2021.113008
[21]
Nyeck B., Braun J.J., Ndam J.R., Viers J., Dupré B., Bedimo Bedimo J.P., Boeglin J.L., Sigha Nkamdjou L., Freydier R., Robain H., Rouiller, J. and Muller J.P. (2004) Present Weathering Rates in a Humid Tropical Watershed: Nsimi, South Cameroun. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 357-387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.022
[22]
Boutin, J., Martin, N., Reverdin, G., Yin, X. and Gaillard, F. (2013) Sea Surface Freshening Inferred from SMOS and ARGO Salinity: Impact of Rain. Ocean Science, 9, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-183-2013
[23]
Davies, O.A. and Ugwumba, O.A. (2013) Tidal Influence on Nutrients Status and Phytoplankton Population of Okpoka Creek, Upper Bonny Estuary, Nigeria. Journal of Marine Biology, 2013, Article ID: 684739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/684739
[24]
Hoagland, P., Beet, A., Ralston, D., Parsons, G., Shirazi, Y. and Carr, E. (2020) Salinity Intrusion in a Modified River-Estuary System: An Integrated Modeling Framework for Source-to-Sea Management. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, Article No. 425.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00425
[25]
Magni, P., Montani, S. and Tada, K. (2002) Semidiurnal Dynamics of Salinity, Nutrients and Suspended Particulate Matter in an Estuary in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, during a Spring Tide Cycle. Journal of Oceanography, 58, 389-402.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015826212267
[26]
Gisen, J.I.A., Savenije, H.H., Nijzink, R.C. and Abd. Wahab, A.K. (2015) Testing a 1-D Analytical Salt Intrusion Model and Its Predictive Equations in Malaysian Estuaries. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60, 156-172.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.889832
[27]
Besack, F., Rodrigue, E.S., Nwutih, A.G., Dieudonné, E.R., Willy, S.E., Brice, N., et al. (2021) Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Hydrological Parameters in the Wouri-Nkam Section of the Cameroon Estuary, Central African Atlantic Coast. Open Journal of Marine Science, 11, 129-156.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2021.114009
[28]
Charette M.A., Lam, P.J., Lohan, M.C., Kwon, E.Y., Hatje, V., Jeandel, C., Shiller, A.M., Cutter, G.A., Thomas, A., Boyd, P.W., Homoky, W.B., Milne, A., Thomas, H., Andersson, P.S., Porcelli, D., Tanaka, T., Geibert, W., Dehairs, F. and Garcia-Orellana, J. (2016) Coastal Ocean and Shelf-Sea Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements and Isotopes: Lessons Learned from GEOTRACES. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374, Article ID: 20160076.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0076
[29]
Liu, Y., Jiao, J.J. and Liang, W. (2018) Tidal Fluctuation Influenced Physicochemical Parameter Dynamics in Coastal Groundwater Mixing Zone. Estuaries and Coasts, 41, 988-1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0335-x
