Annual vaccination is necessary to maintain humoral immunity in the
elderly population. However, the factors influencing the response to influenza
vaccination have not been completely identified. The aim of this study was to
explore the factors that influenced antibody responses to repeated vaccination
using measures that were both objective and quantitative. A total of 111
volunteers aged > 61 years were vaccinated subcutaneously with one dose of
influenza vaccine from the 2005-2006 season through the 2009-2010 season. The
factors that influenced antibody responses after vaccination were evaluated.
The seroprotection rates (PRs) were significantly higher in responders
(subjects with a higher antibody titer in the 2005-2006 season) than in
nonresponders only in the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 seasons. PRs after
vaccination were significantly higher in seropositive individuals (subjects
with a higher prevaccination antibody titer in the 2006-2007 season) than in
seronegative individuals for all three virus strains in almost all of the 5
years. Age, gender, and vaccination in the 2004-2005 season did not influence
the response. These results suggest that an immune response at a certain time
point would predict immune responses only in the near future. However,
prevaccination antibody titer in the following season is the ideal predictor
for future responses that last over several influenza seasons.
References
[1]
Grohskopf, L.A., Alyanak, E., Broder, K.R., Blanton, L.H., Fry, A.M., Jernigan, D.B., Robert, L. and Atmar, R.L. (2020) Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2020-21 Influenza Season. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6908a1
[2]
Gross, P.A., Hermogenes, A.W., Sacks, H.S., Lau, J. and Levandowski, R.A. (1995) The Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Persons. A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature. Annals of Internal Medicine, 123, 518-527. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-7-199510010-00008
[3]
McLean, H.Q., Thompson, M.G., Sundaram, M.E., Meece, J.K., McClure, D.L., Friedrich, T.C. and Belongia, E.A. (2014) Impact of Repeated Vaccination on Vaccine Effectiveness against Influenza A(H3N2) and B during 8 Seasons. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59, 1375-1385. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu680
[4]
Skowronski, D.M., Chambers, C., De Serres, G., Sabaiduc, S., Winter, A.L., Dickinson, J.A., Gubbay, J.B., Fonseca, K., Drews, S.J., Charest, H., Martineau, C., Krajden, M., Petric, M., Bastien, N., Li, Y. and Smith, D.J. (2017) Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness during A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2014-2015. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 215, 1059-1099. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix074
[5]
Örtqvist, A., Brytting, M., Level, A. and Hergens, M.P. (2018) Impact of Repeated Influenza Vaccinations in Persons over 65 Years of Age: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study of Severe Influenza over Six Consecutive Seasons, 2011/12-2016/17. Vaccine, 36, 5556-5564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.052
[6]
McLean, H.Q., Caspard, H., Griffin, M.R., Gaglani, M., Peters, T.R., Poehling, K.A., Ambrose, C.S. and Belongia, E.A. (2018) Association of Prior Vaccination with Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Children Receiving Live Attenuated or Inactivated Vaccine. JAMA Network Open, 1, e183742. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3742
[7]
Casado, I., Domínguez, á., Toledo, D., Chamorro, J., Astray, J., Egurrola, M., Fernández-Sierra, M.A., Martín, V., Morales-Suárez-Varela, M., Godoy, P., Castilla, J. and Project PI12/02079 Working Group (2018) Repeated Influenza Vaccination for Preventing Severe and Fatal Influenza Infection in Older Adults: A Multicentre Case-Control Study. CMAJ, 190, E3-E12. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170910
[8]
Kitamura, S., Matsushita, M., Komatsu, N., Yagi, Y., Takeuchi, S. and Seo, H. (2020) Impact of Repeated Yearly Vaccination on Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccine in an Elderly Population. American Journal of Infection Control, 48, 1422-1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.011
[9]
Ohmit, S.E., Petrie, J.G., Cross, R.T., Johnson, E. and Monto, A.S. (2011) Influenza Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibody Titer as a Correlate of Vaccine-Induced Protection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, 1879-1885. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir661
[10]
Cowling, B.J., Lim, W.W., Perera, R.A.P.M., Fang, V.J., Leung, G.M., Peiris, J.S.M. and Tchetgen, E.J.T. (2019) Influenza Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibody Titer as a Mediator of Vaccine-Induced Protection for Influenza B. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68, 1713-1717. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy759
[11]
Jaillon, S., Berthenet, K. and Garlanda, C. (2019) Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 56, 308-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8648-x
[12]
Matsushita, M., Takeuchi, S., Kumagai, N., Uehara, Y., Matsushita, C., Arise, K., Seo, H. and Awatani, T. (2012) Prevaccination Antibody Titers Can Estimate the Immune Response to Influenza Vaccine in a Rural Community-Dwelling Elderly Population. Vaccine, 30, 1101-1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.024
[13]
Zambon, M. (1998) Laboratory Diagnosis of Influenza. In: Nicholson, K.G., Webster, R.G. and Hay, A.J., Eds., Textbook of Influenza, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 291-313.
[14]
Matsushita, M., Takeuchi, S., Kumagai, N., Morio, M., Matsushita, C., Arise, K. and Awatani, T. (2018) Booster Influenza Vaccination Confers Additional Immune Responses in an Elderly Rural Community-Dwelling Population. American Journal of Infection Control, 46, 462-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.09.034
[15]
Beyer, W.E.P., Palache, A.M., Luchters, G., Nauta, J. and Osterhaus, A. (2004) Seroprotection Rate, Mean Fold Increase, Seroconversion Rate: Which Parameter Adequately Expresses Seroresponse to Influenza Vaccination? Virus Research, 103, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.024
[16]
Künzel, W., Glathe, H., Engelmann, H. and Van Hoecke, C. (1996) Kinetics of Humoral Antibody Response to Trivalent Inactivated Split Influenza Vaccine in Subjects Previously Vaccinated or Vaccinated for the First Time. Vaccine, 14, 1108-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(96)00061-8
[17]
Hui, S.L., Chu, L.W., Peiris, J.S.M., Chan, K.H., Chu, D. and Tsui, W. (2006) Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Community-Dwelling Chinese Elderly Persons. Vaccine, 24, 5371-5380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.032
[18]
Hara, M., Tanaka, K. and Hirota, Y. (2005) Immune Response to Influenza Vaccine in Healthy Adults and the Elderly: Association with Nutritional Status. Vaccine, 23, 1457-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.022
[19]
Wilkinson, K., Wei, Y., Szwajcer, A., Rabbani, R., Zarychanski, R., Abou-Setta, A.M. and Mahmud, S.M. (2017) Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccine, 35, 2775-2780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.092
[20]
Pallikkuth, S., De Armas, L.R., Pahwa, R., Rinaldi, S., George, V.K., Sanchez, C.M., Pan, L., Dickinson, G., Rodriguez, A., Fischl, M., Alcaide, M. and Pahwa, S. (2018) Impact of Aging and HIV Infection on Serologic Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination. AIDS, 32, 1085-1094. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001774
[21]
Hirve, S., Lambach, P., Paget, J., Vandemaele, K., Fitzner, J. and Zhang, W. (2016) Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Policy, Use and Effectiveness in the Tropics and Subtropics—A Systematic Literature Review. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 10, 254-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12374
