Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health
challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100
years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. While it
provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against
adult and adolescent pulmonary tuberculosis
(PTB) is variable. This literature review will provide an overview of the
clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discuss the challenges and future
development trends of novel TB vaccine research, in combination with a general
overview of the Tuberculosis (TB) disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
itself. Methods: Bibliographic searches were carried out on medical
journal databases, publishers, and aggregators. The most used databases
were PubMed, NCBI and MDPI. Publications in English on these and other
databases relating to novel TB vaccines were included in this review. Results: Currently, there are 12 main vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, they include four protein or adjuvant
vaccines, three viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cells or
extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant life and the attenuated
Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Currently, the most likely candidate
vaccines are the M72 + AS01E and Vaccae vaccines. M72+AS01E is
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