Expanding in the oral care business, being passionately
driven by innovative and scientific products, functional toothpaste has
recently become more popular for functionality, variety, and efficacy. Many new
types of toothpaste are commercially manufactured with diverse fragrances,
colors, probiotics, and pharmaceutical ingredients to enhance the
functionalities of toothpaste. Our study attempted to create a toothpaste
formulation that might facilitate the intraoral delivery of vitamin D3 into the
bloodstream. Simply brushing our teeth with toothpaste should be easy to take
the essential vitamin regularly. In this study, an emulsion-based toothpaste
mixed with an azone compound and sodium dodecyl sulfate as penetration
enhancers blended thoroughly with other ingredients and then with vitamin D. Multiple
toothpaste characteristic tests were performed, such as abrasiveness,
scratchiness, spreadability, pH, foaming, cleaning, and antibacterial strength
with our vitamin D toothpaste, and compared with those of other commercial
brand toothpaste. To confirm the intraoral delivery of vitamin D through the
oral cavity, an earthworm transport study and TEER value test were conducted
using L. terrestris skin. Our data demonstrated the high feasibility of
intraoral delivery of vitamin D based on those two skin studies with various
experimental support; our vitamin D toothpaste had comparable characteristics
with other commercial toothpaste for cleaning functionality.
References
[1]
Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., et al. (2011) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
[2]
Szymczak-Pajor, I., Miazek, K., Selmi, A., Balcerczyk, A. and Śliwińska, A. (2022) The Action of Vitamin D in Adipose Tissue: Is There the Link between Vitamin D Deficiency and Adipost Tissue-Related Metabolic Disorders? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, Article No. 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020956
[3]
Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T.R. and Amrein, K. (2013) Vitamin D and Immune Function. Nutrients, 5, 2502-2521. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5072502
[4]
Martens, P.-J., Gysemans, C., Verstuyf, A. and Mathieu, C. (2020) Vitamin D’s Effect on Immune Function. Nutrients, 12, Article No. 1248.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051248
[5]
Bikle, D.D. (2000) Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action. In: Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Boyce, A., et al., Eds., Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth.
[6]
Nair, R. and Meseeh, A. (2012) Vitamin D: The “Sunshine” Vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, 3, 118-126.
[7]
U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020) Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 9th Edition, USDA, Washington DC, 2020-2025.
[8]
Laird, E., Ward, M., McSorley, E., Strain, J.J. and Wallace, J. (2010) Vitamin D and Bone Health: Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients, 2, 693-724.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2070693
[9]
Kubala, J. and Ware, M. (2022) What Are the Health Benefits of Vitamin D? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618#dosage
[10]
NHS (2021) Overview: Rickets and Osteomalacia. NHS.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rickets-and-osteomalacia/
[11]
Office of the Surgeon General (US) (2004) Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45506/
[12]
Boron, J.B., Rogers, W.A. and Fisk, A.D. (2013) Everyday Memory Strategies for Medication Adherence. Geriatric Nurses, 34, 395-401.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2013.05.010
[13]
Homayun, B., Lin, X. and Choi, H.J. (2019) Challenges and Recent Progress in Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics, 11, Article No. 129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030129
[14]
Hua, S. (2019) Advances in Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Approaches for Sublingual and Buccal Administration. Frontier of Pharmacology, 5, Article 1328.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01328
[15]
Fallingborg, J. (1999) Intraluminal pH of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Danish Medicine of Bulletin, 46, 183-196.
[16]
Markovic, M., Zur, M., Garsiani, S., Porat, D., Cvijić, S., Amidon, G.L. and Dahan, A. (2022) The Role of Paracellular Transport in the Intestinal Absorption and Biopharmaceutical Characterization of Minoxidil. Pharmaceutictics, 14, Article No. 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071360
[17]
Narang, N. and Sharma, J. (2011) Sublingual Mucosa as a Route for Systemic Drug Delivery. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 18-22.
[18]
Al-Madhagi, W., Albarakani, A.A., Alhag, A.K., Saeed, Z.A., Noman, N.M. and Mohamed, K. (2017) Formulation and Evaluation of New Glimepiride Sublingual Tablets. Journal of Pharmacology, 2017, Article ID: 3690473.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3690473
[19]
Dhangar, R.S.R., Patil, S.T. and Pawar, S.P. (2017) Sublingual: A Route for Systemic Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Pharma and Chemical Research, 3, 301-306.
[20]
Prajapati, S.T., Patel, P.B. and Patel, C.N. (2012) Formulation and Evaluation of Sublingual Tablets Containing Sumatriptan Succinate. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2, 162-168.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973X.104400
[21]
Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., Köstenberger, M., Berisha, A.T., Martucci, G., Pilz, S. and Malle, O. (2020) Vitamin D Deficiency 2.0: An Update on the Current Status Worldwide. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 1498-1513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y
[22]
Han, Z., Margulies, S.L., Kurian, D. and Elliott, M.S. (2016) Vitamin D Deficiencies in Patients with Disorders of the Digestive System: Current Knowledge and Practical Considerarations. In: Parrish, C.R., Ed., Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series No. 153, Practical Gastroenterology, New York, 36-43.
[23]
Lupoli, R., Lembo, E., Saldalamacchia, G., Avola, C.K., Angrisani, L. and Capaldo, B. (2017) Bariatric Surgery and long-Term Nutritional Issues. World Journal of Diabetes, 8, 464-474. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464
[24]
Pilz, S., Zittermann, A., Trummer, C., Theiler-Schwetz, V., Lerchbaum, E., Keppel, M.H., Grübler, M.R., März, W. and Pandis, M. (2019) Vitamin D Testing and Treatment: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence. Endocrine Connections, 8, R27-R43.
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0432
[25]
Šimoliūnas, E., Rinkūnaitė, I., Bukelskienė, Ž. and Bukelskienė, V. (2019) Bioavailability of Different Vitamin D Oral Supplements in Laboratory Animal Model. Medicina, 55, Article No. 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060265
[26]
Rémond, D., Shahar, D.R., Gille, D., Pinto, P., Kachal, J., Peyron, M.-A., Dos Santos, C.N., Walther, B., Bordoni, A., Dupont, D., Tomás-Cobos, L. and Vergères, G. (2015) Understanding the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Elderly to Develop Dietary Solutions That Prevent Malnutrition. Oncotarget, 6, 13858-13898.
https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4030
[27]
Ghaffarian, R. and Muro, S. (2013) Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems across Cellular Barriers. Journal of Visual Experiment, 17, e50638. https://doi.org/10.3791/50638
[28]
Sugibayashi, K., Nakayama, S., Seki, T., Hosoya, K. and Morimoto, Y. (1992) Mechanism of Skin Penetration-Enhancing Effect by Laurocapram. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600810112
[29]
Dahlgren, D., Sjoblom, M., Hederland, M. and Lennernas, H. (2020) The in Vivo Effect of Transcellular Permeation Enhancers on the Intestinal Permeability of Two Peptide Drugs Enalaprilat and Hexarelin. Pharmaceutics, 12, Article No. 99.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020099
[30]
Vranić, E., Lačević, A., Mehmedagić, A. and Uzunović, A. (2004) Formulation Ingredients for Toothpastes and Mouthwashes. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 4, 51-58. https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3362
[31]
Gavic, L., Gorseta, K., Borzabadi-Farahani, A., Tadin, A. and Glavina, D. (2018) Influence of Toothpaste pH on Its Capacity to Prevent Enamel Demineralization. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 9, 554-550.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_667_18
[32]
Renvert, S., Noack, M.J., Lequart, C., Roldan, S. and Laine, M.L. (2020) The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review. Clinical Cosmetic Investigation Dentistry, 12, 251-262.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S253765
[33]
Srinivasan, B., Kolli, A.R., Esch, H.E., Hasan Erbil Abaci, H.E., Shuler, M.L. and Hickman, J.J. (2015) TEER Measurement Techniques for in Vitro Barrier Model Systems. Journal of Laboratory Automation, 20, 107-126.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2211068214561025