Background: Urinary Tract infections and pus are major public health problems. The
evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics makes the treatment of these
infections problematic. This is why this study is undertaken to identify and
evaluate the resistance of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to antibiotics. Methods: This is a
prospective study carried out from December 2020 to November 2021. The germs
were isolated on the agar supplemented with cetrimide and identified by the API
20 NE gallery method according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The strains’
resistance profiles were determined by the diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton
according to the criteria EUCAST-2021. Results: A total of 46/1467 (3.13%) Pseudomonasaeruginosa were identified, of which 29/1008 (2.87%) were urinary tract infections and 17/459 (3.70%)
were pus. The high resistances were: 97.8% to ceftazidim, 91.3% to aztreonam,
93.5% to cefepim, 82.6% to piperacillin, 58.7% to levofloxacin, 52.2% to
amikacin, 47.8% to tazobactam-piperacillin, 47.8% to tobramycin and 43.5% to
ciprofloxacin. Low resistance was only 2.2% to fosfomycin, 2.2% to colistin and
15.2% to imipenem. Conclusion: This study reveals the considerable
resistance of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to commonly used antibiotics, and thus compromises the empirical treatment
practiced in hospitals. This result motivates the need to carry out
susceptibility testing of isolates before any prescription of antimicrobials.
References
[1]
Bertholom, C. (2016) épidémiologie des infections urinaires communautaires et nosocomiales. Option/Bio, 27, 23-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0992-5945(16)30116-7
[2]
Zahir, H., Draiss, G., Rada, N., Abourrahouat, A., et al. (2019) écologie microbienne et sensibilité aux antibiotiques des bactéries isolées d’infections urinaires chez l’enfant au Maroc. Revue Francophone des Laboratoires, 511, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1773-035X(19)30229-1
[3]
Bertrand, X., Slekovec, C., Cholley, P. and Talon, D. (2011) épidémiologie des infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Revue Francophone des Laboratoires, 435, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1773-035X(11)71100-5
[4]
Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report (2020) Early implementation. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332081
[5]
Ouchar Mahamat, O., Lounnas, M., Hide, M., Dumont, Y., Tidjani, A., Kamougam, K., Abderrahmane, M., Benavides, J., Solassol, J., Bañuls, A.L., Jean-Pière, H., Carrière, C. and Godreuil, S. (2019) High Prevalence and Characterization of Extended- Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Chadian Hospitals. BMC Infection Disease, 19, Article No. 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3838-1
[6]
Yandai, F.H., Ndoutamia, G., Bessimbaye, N. and Barro, N. (2019) Prevalence and Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in N’Djamena, Chad. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 13, 2065-2073. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i4.13
[7]
Nadlaou, B., Mbanga, D., Bakarnga-Via, I., Oualé, C., Barro, N., Tidjani, A. and Ouchemi, C. (2021) Biochemical Profile and Resistance Phenotype of Bacteria Isolated from the Operating Site Departments of the National Reference University Hospital of N’Djamena. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 10, 381-396. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0189
[8]
Kamga, H.G. (2015) Caractérisation phénotypique des souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolées dans la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun). Journal of Case Reports in Medicine, 4, Article ID: 235908. https://doi.org/10.4303/ajpm/235908
[9]
Lowbury, E.J.L. and Collins, A.G. (1955) The Use of a New Cetrimide Product in a Selective Medium for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 8, 47-48. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.8.1.47
[10]
Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C. and Turck, M. (1966) Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
[11]
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of the French Society of Microbiology (EUCAST) (2020) Recommendations, V.1.2.181 p.
[12]
Jarlier, V., Nicolas, M.H., Fournier, G. and Philippon, A. (1988) Extended Broad- Spectrum β-Lactamases Conferring Transferable Resistance to Newer β-Lactam Agents in Enterobacteriaceae: Hospital Prevalence and Susceptibility Patterns. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 10, 867-878. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4454571 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.4.867
[13]
Yong, D., Lee, K., Yum, J.H., Shin, H.B., Rossolini, G.M. and Chong, Y. (2002) Imipenem-EDTA Disk Method for Differentiation of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 3798-3801. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.10.3798-3801.2002
[14]
Yasmeen, B.N., Islam, S., Islam, S., Uddin, M.M. and Jahan, R. (2015) Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection, Its Causative Agents and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern: A Study in Northern International Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Northern International Medical College Journal, 7, 105-109. https://doi.org/10.3329/nimcj.v7i1.25704
[15]
Ouédraogo/Yugbaré, S.O., Kouéta, F., Dao, L., Minoungou, J., Ouédraogo/Traoré, R., Sanou, I. and Yé, D. (2012) Infection du tractus urinaire chez l’enfant: Aspects épidémiologiques et bactériologiques au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Mali Médical, 4, 11-17.
[16]
Frikh, M., Maleb, A., Nyaledome Ablavi, I., Elouennass, M. and Lemouer, A. (2017) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Epidémiologie et état actuel des résistances étude rétrospective sur trois ans. Journal Marocain des Sciences Médicales, 21, 34-40.
[17]
Qayoom, S., Rashid, A., Kohli, A., Masoodi, T. and Amin, M. (2019) Prevalence and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Respiratory Samples, Pus Samples and Body Fluids in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kashmir. Indian Journal of Microbiology Research, 6, 345-349. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2019.073
[18]
Shrivastava, G., Bhatambare, G.S. and Patel, K.B. (2014) Evaluation of Prevalence and Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug Resistant and Pan Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India. CHRISMED Journal of Health and Research, 1, 145-149. https://doi.org/10.4103/2348-3334.138882
[19]
Gad, G.F., El-Domany, R.A., Zaki, S. and Ashour, H.M. (2007) Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical and Environmental Samples in Minia, Egypt: Prevalence, Antibiogram and Resistance Mechanisms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 60, 1010-1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm348
[20]
Miltgen (2016) Les entérobactéries. UE8-De l’agent infectieux à l’hôte. http://cdbn.fr/file/frontend/2016/12/Les-Enterobacteries-pdf.pdf
[21]
Sissoko, M.T. (2006) Infections Urinaires A Bamako: Aspects épidémiologiques, Bactériologiques et Cliniques. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Bamako, Bamako, 103 p.
[22]
Taale, E., Sanou, S., Sangare, I., Abdelkerim, A.D., Mbatna, A., Sirima, C. and Savadogo, A. (2016) Urinary Tract Infection among Pregnant Women at Bobo-Dioulasso: Epidemiological and Bacteriological Aspects. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 8, 1132-1145. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i3.26
[23]
Debré, B., Saighi, D. and Peyromaure, M. (2004) Urologie. Masson, Paris, 191 p.
[24]
Gastmeier, P., Kampf, G., Wischnewski, N., Hauer, T., Schulgen, G., Schumacher, M., Daschner, F. and Rüden, H. (1998) Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections Inrepresentative German Hospitals. Journal of Hospital Infection, 38, 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90173-6
[25]
Mérens, A., Jault, P., Bargues, L. and Cavallo, J.-D. (2012) Infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EMC—Maladies Infectieuses, 30, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1166-8598(12)56974-7
[26]
Ateba, N., Ngaba, G., Ebongue, C.O., Ngassongo, R.O., Tsiagadigui, J.G., Behiya, G., Nguepi, E. and Adiogo, D. (2013) Susceptibility to Colistin of Multi-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated in Douala Laquintinie Hospital, Cameroon. African Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2, Article ID: 235641. https://doi.org/10.4303/ajpm/235641
[27]
Ndoutamia, G., Fissou, H.Y., Nadjilem, D. and Gatsing, D. (2017) Perception, Knowledge and Use of Antibiotic among Communities in Chad. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 11, 260-265. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2017.4791
[28]
Nasser, M., Gayen, S. and Kharat, A.S. (2020) Prevalence of β-Lactamase and Antibiotic-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Arab Region. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.01.011
[29]
Al-Orphaly, M., Hadi, H.A., Eltayeb, F.K., Al-Hail, H., Samuel, B.G., Sultan, A.A. and Skariah, S. (2021) Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Msphere, 6, e00202-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00202-21
[30]
Llanes, C., Pourcel, C., Richardot, C., Plésiat, P., Fichant, G., Cavallo, J.-D., Mérens, A., Group, G.S., Vu-Thien, H. and Leclercq, R. (2013) Diversity of β-Lactam resistance Mechanisms in Cystic Fibrosis Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A French Multicentre Study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68, 1763-1771. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt115
[31]
Mushi, M.F., Mshana, S.E., Imirzalioglu, C. and Bwanga, F. (2014) Carbapenemase Genes among Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Clinical Isolates from a Tertiary Hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. BioMed Research International, 2014, Article ID: 303104. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303104
[32]
Suwantarat, N. and Carroll, K.C. (2016) Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Southeast Asia. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 5, Article No. 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-016-0115-6
[33]
Gonsu, K.H., Toukam, M., Sando, Z., Ndifo, N.J.-M., Mbakop, C.D. and Adiogo, D. (2015) Caractérisation phénotypique des souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolées dans la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun). African Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 4, Article ID: 235908. https://doi.org/10.4303/ajpm/235908
[34]
Alkasaby, N.M. and El Sayed Zaki, M. (2017) Molecular Study of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates for Metallo-β-Lactamases and Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamases Genes in Intensive Care Unit, Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. International Journal of Microbiology, 2017, Article ID: 3925868. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3925868
[35]
Jalal, S., Ciofu, O., H øiby, N., Gotoh, N. and Wretlind, B. (2000) Molecular Mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 44, 710-712. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.3.710-712.2000
[36]
Lister, P.D., Wolter, D.J. and Hanson, N.D. (2009) Antibacterial-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22, 582-610. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00040-09
[37]
Anyanwu, M.U., Jaja, I.F., Oguttu, J.W., Jaja, C.J., Chah, K.F. and Shodeinde Shoyinka, V. (2021) Is Africa Ready for Mobile Colistin Resistance Threat? Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 11, Article 1962781. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2021.1962781
[38]
Laudy, A.E., Róg, P., Smolińska-Król, K., Ćmiel, M., Słoczyńska, A., Patzer, J. and Tyski, S. (2017) Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Warsaw, Poland, Detected by Various Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods. PLOS ONE, 12, e0180121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180121
[39]
Sobouti, B., Khosravi, N., Daneshvar, A., Fallah, S., Moradi, M. and Ghavami, Y. (2015) Prevalence of Beta Lactamase Producing Species of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter in Pediatric Burn Patients. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters, 28, 171-177.
[40]
Altoparlak, U., Aktas, F., Celebi, D., Ozkurt, Z. and Akcay, M.N. (2005) Prevalence of Metallo-β-Lactamase among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii Isolated from Burn Wounds and in Vitro Activities of Antibiotic Combinations against These Isolates. Burns, 31, 707-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2005.02.017
