Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
colloid stabilized Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) based wood adhesive has poor
performance in highly humid conditions.
Currently, the addition of natural fillers
in the wood adhesive is one of the most effective ways to enhance the
performance of PVAc wood adhesive in highly moist conditions.
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are strong renewable, bio-based material and
has great potential in a
reinforcement of the polymeric matrix. Hence, the present work investigates the
applicability of microcrystalline cellulose incorporated3% and 5% in situ emulsion
polymerization PVAc wood adhesives. Effect on physical, thermal and mechanical
properties was studied by viscosity, pH, contact angle measurement,
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pencil hardness test of films.
Emulsions with different proportions of MCC were prepared and
the shear strength of the applied adhesive on wood was measured. The viscosity
of the adhesives was increased by increasing the concentration of MCC. The
mechanical properties like tensile strength of adhesives with MCC were measured
by universal tensile machine (UTM). Thermal stability was studied by
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tensile shear strength
demonstrates that MCC can improve bonding strength as compared to PVAc Homo based adhesive
in the wet condition which was
validated through a contact angle study. The hardness of PVAc films were also changed positively
by the addition of MCC. Here, we studied
References
[1]
Eichhorn, S.J., Dufresne, A., Aranguren, M., et al. (2010) Review: Current International Research into Cellulose Nanofibres and Nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science, 45, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3874-0
[2]
Mondragon, G., Pena-Rodriguez, C., González, A., et al. (2015) Bionanocomposites Based on Gelatin Matrix and Nanocellulose. European Polymer Journal, 62, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.003
[3]
Nguyen, D.M., Grillet, A.-C., Diep, T.M.H., et al. (2018) Influence of Thermo-Pressing Conditions on Insulation Materials from Bamboo Fibers and Proteins Based Bone Glue. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 834-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.009
[4]
Hamed, S.A.A.K.M. and Hassan, M.L. (2019) A New Mixture of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose and Nanocellulose for Wood Consolidation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 35, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.07.001
[5]
Khalili, S.M.R., Shokuhfar, A., Hoseini, S.D., et al. (2008) Experimental Study of the Influence of Adhesive Reinforcement in Lap Joints for Composite Structures Subjected to Mechanical Loads. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 28, 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.04.009
[6]
Hu, K., Kulkarni, D.D., Choi, I. and Tsukruk, V.V. (2014) Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural and Functional Applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 39, 1934-1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.03.001
[7]
Lengowski, E.C., Bonfatti Júnior, E.A., Kumode, M.M.N., et al. (2019) Nanocellulose-Reinforced Adhesives for Wood-Based Panels. In: Sustainable Polymer Composites Nanocomposites, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1001-1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05399-4_35
[8]
Dhawale, P.V., Vineeth, S.K., Gadhave, R.V. and Mahanwar, P.A. (2021) Cellulose Stabilized Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion: Review. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 11, 51-66. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2021.112002
[9]
Gadhave, R. (2022) Importance of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis to Predict Performance of the Polyvinyl Acetate Wood Adhesives in Summer Season. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 12, 93-100. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2022.123006
[10]
Mansoori, Y., Akhtarparast, A., Reza Zamanloo, M., Imanzadeh, G. and Masooleh, T.M. (2011) Polymer-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites: Chemical Grafting of Polyvinyl Acetate onto Cloisite 20A. Polymer Composites, 32, 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.21142
[11]
Jaffe, H.L., Rosenblum, F.M. and Daniels, W. (1990) Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions for Adhesives. In: Handbook of Adhesives, Springer US, Boston, 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0671-9_21
[12]
Gadhave, R.V. and Gadekar, P.T. (2020) Glyoxal Cross-Linked Polyvinyl Alcohol-Microcrystalline Cellulose Blend as a Wood Adhesive with Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal and Performance Properties. Materials International, 2, 277-285.
[13]
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Song, S., et al. (2011) Modified Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Two Kinds of Modifiers Used for Improving Formaldehyde Emission and Bonding Strength of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive。BioResources, 6, 4430-4438.
[14]
Amini, E., Tajvidi, M., Gardner, D.J. and Bousfield, D.W. (2017) Utilization of Cellulose Nanofibrils as a Binder for Particleboard Manufacture. BioResources, 12, 4093-4110. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.2.4093-4110
[15]
George, J. (2015) Cellulose Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Functional Properties, and Applications. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, 8, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S64386
[16]
Jiang, W., Tomppo, L., Pakarinen, T., et al. (2018) Effect of Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Bond Strength of Polyvinyl Acetate and Starch Adhesives for Wood. BioResources, 13, 2283-2292. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.2.2283-2292
[17]
Chaabouni, O. and Boufi, S. (2017) Cellulose Nanofibrils/Polyvinyl Acetate Nanocomposite Adhesives with Improved Mechanical Properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 156, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.016
[18]
Zhang, H., Liu, P., Musa, S., Mai, C. and Zhang, K. (2019) Dialdehyde Cellulose as a Bio-Based Robust Adhesive for Wood Bonding. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7, 10452-10459. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00801
[19]
Tang, J., Lee, M.F.X., Zhang, W., et al. (2014) Dual Responsive Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules, 15, 3052-3060. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm500663w
[20]
Pramanik, R., Ganivada, B., Ram, F., Shanmuganathan, K. and Arockiarajan, A. (2019) Influence of Nanocellulose on Mechanics and Morphology of Polyvinyl Alcohol Xerogels. The Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 90, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.024
[21]
Maksimov, R.D., Bitenieks, J., Plume, E., et al. (2010) The Effect of Introduction of Carbon Nanotubes on the Physicomechanical Properties of Polyvinylacetate. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 46, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-010-9142-1
[22]
Kaboorani, A., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P., et al. (2012) Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC): A Renewable Nano-Material for Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Adhesive. European Polymer Journal, 48, 1829-1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.08.008
[23]
Khan, U., May, P., Porwal, H., et al. (2013) Improved Adhesive Strength and Toughness of Polyvinyl Acetate Glue on Addition of Small Quantities of Graphene. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5, 1423-1428. https://doi.org/10.1021/am302864f
[24]
Aydemir, D., Gündüz, G., Asik, N. and Wang, A. (2016) The Effects of Poly(vinyl acetate) Filled with Nanoclay and Cellulose Nanofibrils on Adhesion Strength of Poplar and Scots Pine Wood. Drvna Industrija, 67, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.5552/drind.2016.1441
[25]
Ben Mabrouk, A., Dufresne, A. and Boufi, S. (2020) Cellulose Nanocrystal as Eco-friendly Stabilizer for Emulsion Polymerization and Its Application for Waterborne Adhesive. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229, Article ID: 115504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115504
[26]
Gadhave, R.V., Dhawale, P.V. and Sorate, C.S. (2021) Surface Modification of Cellulose with Silanes for Adhesive Application: Review. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 11, 11-30. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2021.112002
[27]
Kumar Gupta, P., Sai Raghunath, S., Venkatesh Prasanna, D., et al. (2019) An Update on Overview of Cellulose, Its Structure and Applications. In: Pascual, A.R. and Martín, M.E.E., Eds., Cellulose, IntechOpen, London, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84727
[28]
Niinivaara, E. and Cranston, E.D. (2020) Bottom-Up Assembly of Nanocellulose Structures. Carbohydrate Polymers, 247, Article ID: 116664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116664
[29]
Mahrdt, E., Pinkl, S., Schmidberger, C., et al. (2016) Effect of Addition of Microfibrillated Cellulose to Urea-Formaldehyde on Selected Adhesive Characteristics and Distribution in Particle Board. Cellulose, 23, 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0818-5
[30]
Cataldi. A., Berglund. L., Deflorian, F. and Pegoretti, A. (2015) A Comparison between Micro- and Nanocellulose-Filled Composite Adhesives for Oil Paintings Restoration. Nanocomposites, 1, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/20550324.2015.1117239
[31]
Kojima, Y., Isa, A., Kobori, H., et al. (2014) Evaluation of Binding Effects in Wood Flour Board Containing Ligno-Cellulose Nanofibers. Materials (Basel), 7, 6853-6864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096853
[32]
Ayrilmis, N., Kwon, J.-H., Lee, S.-H., et al. (2016) Microfibrillated-Cellulose-Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives with Different F/U Molar Ratios for Wood-Based Composites. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 30, 2032-2043. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1175246
[33]
López-Suevos, F., Eyholzer, C., Bordeanu, N. and Richter, K. (2010) DMA Analysis and Wood Bonding of PVAc Latex Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Cellulose, 17, 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9396-8
[34]
Veigel, S., Müller, U., Keckes, J., Obersriebnig, M. and Gindl-Altmutter, W. (2011) Cellulose Nanofibrils as Filler for Adhesives: Effect on Specific Fracture Energy of Solid Wood-Adhesive Bonds. Cellulose, 18, 1227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9576-1
[35]
Gadhave, R. and Dhawale, P. (2022) State of Research and Trends in the Development of Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Wood Adhesive. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 12, 13-42. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2022.121002
