干旱区新疆天然绿洲生态需水量分析
Analysis on Ecological Water Demand of Natural Oasis in Arid Area of Xinjiang

山区降水冰川融雪产流和平原区几乎不产流的水文气象特征，构建了平原区河道径流补给河谷林草及尾闾湿地湖泊天然绿洲的生态格局。为研究平原河谷林草尾闾湿地湖泊天然绿洲需水，选择代表性河谷林草及河流尾闾湿地植被群落生境，采用气象、土壤、植被生理三种方法同步监测，运用植被耗水和地统模型研究天然绿洲生态需水，结果表明：1) 河谷林草毛耗水强度(含有效降水) 340~520 mm/a，净耗水强度(扣除有效降水)，北疆片区245~500 mm/a；2) 河谷林草湿地湖泊生态毛需水量(含有效降水) 203~216亿m³，完全依靠河流补给净需水量190~204亿m³；3) 河流尾闾平原洼地面积1 km²以上湖泊基本生态贮水量135亿m³，河谷林草需水量62亿m³；4) 生态需水量河流年径流量占比，2020年、2021年及年均分别为25.6%、23.8%和24.7%；5) 河道生态基流供给宜遵循河谷林草需水特征及河流“浅漫湿–枯平丰”规律，不宜集中或平均式补给。
The mountain precipitation, glacier melting and snow melting runoff producing plain has almost no hydrological and meteorological characteristics, and the ecological pattern of natural oasis where river runoff in the plain area recharges the valley forest and grass and the wetland and lake at the end is constructed. In order to study the water demand of natural oasis in the wetland and lake at the end of forest and grass in the plain valley, the representative habitat of forest and grass in the valley and wetland vegetation at the end of the river were selected, and the three methods of meteorology, soil, and vegetation physiology were used to monitor simultaneously. The vegetation water consumption and geological model were used to study the ecological water demand of natural oasis. The results showed that: 1) The gross water consumption intensity (including effective precipitation) of forest and grass in the valley was 340~520 mm/a, and the net water consumption intensity (excluding effective precipitation) was 245~500 mm/a in Northern Xinjiang. 2) Ecological gross water demand (including effective precipitation) of river valley forest grass wetland lake is 20.3~21.6 billion m³; The net water demand is 19~20.4 billion m³ completely supplied by rivers. 3) At the end of the river, plain depression ≥ 1 km², the basic ecological water storage of lakes is 13.5 billion m³, and the water demand of forest and grass in river valleys is 6.2 billion m³; 4) The proportion of annual runoff of rivers with ecological water demand in 2020, 2021 and the annual average is 25.6%, 23.8% and 24.7% respectively. 5) The supply of river ecological base flow should follow the characteristics of forest and grass water demand in the river valley and the rule of “shallow wet dry flat high” in the river, instead of centralized or average supply.