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高锂利用率锂金属负极及其在锂硫电池中的研究进展
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Abstract:
随着社会的进步与环保意识的提高，至2030年，众多老牌汽车厂商都会停止生产内燃机汽车。目前国内外的汽车市场无不对电动汽车或混合动力汽车加大研究投入，高比能量锂离子电池作为新时代汽车储能装置的关键组成部分，一直广受关注。目前锂离子电池负极材料如石墨、硅碳等已经广泛应用于锂离子电池中，但石墨负极低的储锂质量比容量(372 mA？h/g)和硅碳负极巨大的体积膨胀效应一直限制了它们的进一步发展。而正极材料如LiFePO4、LiMO2 (M = Ni、Co、Mn)等虽然也已经投入商用，但低储锂质量比容量(<300 mA？h/g)、安全性、倍率性能等问题也限制着它们的发展。被誉为下一代储能系统最有力候选者的锂硫电池是由有着质量比容量分别为3860 mA？h/g和1675 mA？h/g的锂金属负极和硫正极组成的。然而由于锂金属负极存在着枝晶生长的问题，并且硫正极产生的多硫化物会在电解液中溶解引起穿梭效应，这些都严重影响着锂金属电池锂的利用率及锂硫电池的硫利用率。本综述详细介绍了锂金属电池面临的问题以及锂硫电池目前的研究进展。
By 2030, with the progress of society and the improvement of environmental protection awareness, many established car manufacturers will stop producing internal combustion engine vehicles. At present, the domestic and foreign automotive markets have all increased their research investment in electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles. As a key component of the new era of automotive energy storage devices, high-specific energy lithium-ion batteries have received wide attention. At present, lithium ion battery anode materials such as graphite and silicon carbon have been widely used in lithium ion batteries, but the low lithium storage mass specific capacity (372 mA？h/g) of graphite anode and the huge volume expansion effect of silicon carbon anode have limited their further development. Although cathode materials such as LiFePO4 and LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn) have also been put into commercial use, the low lithium storage mass specific capacity (<300 mA？h/g), safety, rate performance and other issues still exist. The lithium-sulfur battery, known as the most powerful candidate for the next-generation energy storage system, is composed of a lithium metal anode with a specific capacity of 3860 mA？h/g and a sulfur cathode with a specific capacity of 1675 mA？h/g. However, the lithium metal anode has the problem of dendrite growth, and the polysulfide will dissolve in the electrolyte to cause a shuttle effect, which all seriously affects the effective utilization of lithium anode and sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries. This review details the problems faced by lithium metal batteries and the research progress of lithium-sulfur batteries.
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