Our study focused on the valuation of Tchiky clays. This work aims to evaluate its properties to explore possible uses in pharmacy. Physico-chemical and mineralogical characterizations were carried out, as well as pharmacopoeial tests and an evaluation of the antioxidant activity. Thus, chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry gave silicon (55.65%), iron (15.73%), aluminum (13.53%), potassium (6.05%), titanium (3.98%), magnesium (2.10%), and calcium (0.82%). X-ray diffraction showed the presence of kaolinite, quartz and illite. This study also revealed that the sample studied was essentially a plastic clay of hard consistency, with average flowability. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity gave a percentage inhibition of 62.97% for a concentration of 7.5 g/l with an IC50 of 5.5 g/l. These results should allow use as an excipient in pharmacy, particularly in liquid, semi-liquid and pasty formulations.
References
[1]
Caillère, S., Henin, S. and Rautureau, M. (1982) Mineralogy of Clays. Structure and Physico-Chemical Properties. Paris, Masson, 182 p.
[2]
Lopez-Galindo, A., Viseras, C. and Cereso, P. (2007) Compositional, Technical and Safety Specifications of Clays to Be Used as Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products. Applied Clay Science, 36, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.06.016
Aguzzi, C., Cerezo, P., Visceras, C. and Caramella, C. (2007) Use of Clays as Drug Delivery Systems: Possibilities and Limitations. Applied Clay Science, 36, 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.06.015
[5]
Allègre, J. (2012) Alumina Silicates (Clays) in Therapy. An Ancient Customary Practice Relayed in Modern Medicine. Thesis, Paris XIII University, Paris, 134p.
[6]
Aldersley, M.F., Joshi, P.C., Price, J.D. and Ferris, J.P. (2011) The Role of Montmorillonite in Its Catalysis of RNA Synthesis. Applied Clay Science, 54, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.06.011
[7]
Belaroui, L.S., Millet, J.M.M. and Bengueddach, A. (2004) Characterization of Lalithe, a New Bentonite-Type Algerian Clay, for Intercalation and Catalysts Preparation. Catalysis Today, 89, 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2003.12.020
[8]
Boutin, P. (2014) Total Hip Arthroplasty with Sintered Alumina Prosthesis. Experimental Study and First Clinical Applications. Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, 100, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcot.2013.12.006
[9]
Dali Youcef, L., Belarouia, L.S. and Lopez-Galindo, A. (2019) Adsorption of a Cationic Methylene Blue Dye on an Algerian Palygorskite. Applied Clay Science, 179, Article ID: 105145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105145
[10]
Silva, P.S.C., Oliveira, S.M.B., Farias, L., Fávaro, D.I.T. and Mazzilli, B.P. (2011) Chemical and Radiological Characterization of Clay Mineral of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Use. Applied Clay Science, 52, 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.02.013
[11]
Chen, H.J., Cui, Q., Tang, Y., Chen, X.J. and Yao, H.Q. (2008) Attapulgite Based LiCl Composite Adsorbents for Cooling and Air Conditioning Applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 28, 2187-2193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.12.015
[12]
Christidis, G.E. (2013) Assessment of Industrial Clays. Developments in Clay science, 5, 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-098259-5.00017-2
[13]
Nassima, C. (2012) Epuration des eaux usées: L’élimination des micropolluants dans les eaux usées par un matériau argileux [Wastewater Treatment: The Removal of Micropollutants in Wastewater by Clay Material]. Thesis Université de Souk Ahras, Algérie. (In French)
[14]
Brouillard, M.Y. and Rateau, J.G. (1989) Adsorption Capacity of Two Clays, Smectite and Kaolin on Bacterial Enterotoxins. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique, 13, 18-24.
[15]
Cervini-Silva, J., Nieto-Camacho, A., Ramírez-Apan, M.T., Gómez-Vidales, V., Palacios, E., Montoya, A. and De Jesus, E.R. (2015) Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial, and Cytotoxic Activity of Fibrous Clays. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 129, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.019
[16]
Choy, J.H., Choi, S.J., Oh, J.M. and Taeun, P. (2007) Clay Minerals and Layered Double Hydroxides for Novel Biological Applications. Applied Clay Science, 36, 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.07.007
[17]
Dupont, C., Foo, J.L.K., Garnier, P., Moore, N., Mathiex-Fortunet, H. and Slazar-Lindo, E. (2009) Oral Diosmectite Reduces Stool Output and Diarrhea Duration in Children with Acute Watery Diarrhea. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7, 456-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.007
[18]
Fioramonti, J., Droy-Lefaix, M.T. and Buéno, L. (1987) Changes in Gastrointestinal Motility Induced by Cholera Toxin and Experimental Osmotic Diarrhea in Dog. Effect of Treatment with Argillaceous Compound Clay. Digestion, 36, 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199423
[19]
Khediri, F., Mrad, A.I., Azzouz, M., Doughi, H., Najjar, T., Mathiex-Fortunet, H., Garnier, P. and Cortot, A. (2011) Efficacy of Diosmectite (Smecta) in the Treatment of Acute Watery Diarrhoea in Adults: A Multicentre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2011, Article ID: 783196. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/783196
[20]
Carretero, M.I. (2002) Clay Minerals and Their Benefical Effects upon Human Health. Applied Clay Science, 21, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(01)00085-0
[21]
Des Ylouses, D.L., Deloncle, R. and Dubois, P. (2007) Les minéraux en pharmacie [Minerals in Pharmacy]. Géosciences et Santé, 5, 6-19. (In French)
[22]
Carretero, M.I. and Pozo, M. (2009) Clay and Non-Clay Minerals in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industry’s Part I. Excipients and Medical Applications. Applied Clay Science, 46, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.07.017
[23]
Carretero, M.I. and Pozo, M. (2010) Clay and Non-Clay Minerals in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industry’s Part II. Active Ingredients. Applied Clay Science, 47, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.10.016
[24]
Bizi, M. and Tranchant, J.F. (2007) Talc, Texture and Application in Cosmetics. Géosciences, 5, 11.
[25]
Diao, I., Diagne, M. and Dia, I. (2021) Characterization of Fired Clay Bricks for an Economic Contribution of the Exploitatin of Thicky Clay Deposit. Materials Sciences and Applications, 12, 389-416. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2021.129027
[26]
Diop, M.B., Kane, A.D., Sarr, A.D., Ndiaye, A.A., Gomina, M., et al. (2006) Valorisation des rejets de traitement d’attapulgite de AllouKagne en boue de forage: Caractérisation et étude expérimentale [Valorization of Allou Kagne Attapulgite Treatment Waste in Drilling Mud: Characterization and Experimental Study]. Journal de la Société Ouest-Africaine de Chimie, 21, 19-27. (In French)
[27]
Diop, M.B., Molez, L., Bouguerra, A., Diouf, A.N. and Grutzeck, M.W. (2014) Manufacturing Brick from Attapulgite Clay at Low Temperature by Geopolymerization. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39, 4351-4361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1007-9
[28]
Mbaye, A. (2013) Caractérisations minéralogiques et physico-chimiques d’argiles naturelles du Sénégal. Silanisation et utilisation dans le piégeage des métaux lourds [Mineralogical and Physico-Chemical Characterizations of Natural Clays from Senegal. Silanization and Use in Trapping Heavy Metals]. These de Doctorat, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, 189 p. (In French)
[29]
Diarra, M., Ndiaye, A., Mbodj, M., Thioune, O., Dièye, A.M., Diouf, L.A.D., Seck, D., Diouf, M. and Cissé, A. (2007) Contribution à la caractérisation physico chimique d’une roche argileuse “Le Kew” [Contribution to the Physico-Chemical Characterization of a Clayey Rock “Le Kew”]. Journal des Sciences et Technologies, 5, 1-7. (In French)
[30]
Thioune, O., Ndiaye, N., Ndiaye, A.B.K., Diarra, M., Mbaye, G. and Diop, M. (2012) Contribution to the Study of the Physicochemical Characteristics of “Kew” (Kaolin from Mali) with a View to Its Use as an Excipient. ScenceLib, 4, 2111-4706.
[31]
Sylla Gueye, R., Davy, C.A., Cazaux, F., Ndiaye, A., Diop, M.B., Skoczylas, F. and Wele, A. (2017) Mineralogical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Mbodiene Palygorskite for Pharmaceutical Applications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 135, 186-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.08.019
[32]
Gueye, R.S. (2015) Caractérisation de l’attapulgite de Mbodène en vue d’essais de préformulations pharmaceutiques avec l’amande de mangue et le sulfate de zinc [Characterization of Attapulgite from Mbodène with a View to Testing Pharmaceutical Preformulations with Mango Kernel and Zinc Sulphate]. Thesis, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, 173 p. (In French)
[33]
Pharmacopée Européenne (PE) (2009) Monographies: Caractérisation des solides cristallins et partiellement cristallins par diffraction X sur poudres, 361-366; finesse des poudres, 366; aptitude à l’écoulement des poudres, 369-372; masse volumique vrac et masse volumique après tassement, 367-369; aluminium (silicate d’) et de magnésium, 1639-1640; kaolin lourd, 2759; talc, 3601 [Mongraphs: Characterization of Crystalline and Partially Crystalline Solids by Powder X-Ray Diffraction, 361-366; Powder Fineness, 366; Flowability of Powders, 369-372; Bulk Density and Tapped Density, 367-369; Aluminum (Silicate) and Magnesium, 1639-1640; Heavy Kaolin, 2759; Talc, 3601]. 8e éd., Pharmacopée Européenne de Convention, Strasbourg. (In French)
[34]
Popovici, C., Saykova, I. and Tylkowski, B. (2009) Evaluation de l’activité antioxydante des composés phénoliques par la réactivité avec le radical libre DPPH [Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds by Reactivity with the Free Radical DPPH]. Revue de Genie Industriel, 4, 25-39. (In French)
[35]
Scherer, R. and Godoy, H.T. (2009) Antioxydant Activity Index (AAI) by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Method. Food Chemistry, 112, 654-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.026
[36]
Pialy, P. (2009) étude de quelques matériaux argileux du site de Lembo (Cameroun): Minéralogie, comportement au frittage et analyse des propriétés d’élasticité [Study of Some Clay Materials from the Lembo Site (Cameroon): Mineralogy, Sintering Behavior and Analysis of Elastic Properties]. Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Limoges, Limoges. (In French)
[37]
Ciesielski, H. and Sterckeman, T. (1997) Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations in Soils by Means of Cobalt Hexamine Trichloride. Effects of Experimental Conditions. Agronomie, 17, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19970101
[38]
Rebelo, M., Viseras, C., López-Galindo, A., Rocha, F. and Ferreira da Silva, E. (2011) Characterization of Portuguese Geological Materials to Be Used in Medical Hydrology. Applied Clay Science, 51, 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.11.029
[39]
Cervini-Silva, J., Nieto-Camacho, A. and Gomez-Vidales, V. (2015) Oxidative Stress Inhibition and Oxidant Activity by Fibrous Clays. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 133, 32-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.042
[40]
Hernot, F. (2016) L’argile, son utilisation en officine. Thèse Pharm [Clay, Its Use in Pharmacy]. Université d’Angers, Angers. (In French)
