Bone remodeling is a tightly regulated resorption and formation of bone matrix for physiological processes or to maintain bone function. Bone remodeling involves the synchronized differentiation and activity of bone-related cell types including bone matrix-depositing osteoblasts, bone matrix-resorbing osteoclasts, collagen/extracellular matrix-producing chondrocytes, and the progenitors of these cell types. T and B cells are adaptive immune cells that can influence bone remodeling by directly regulating the function of bone-related cells under normal and pathophysiological conditions. The specific mechanisms through which T cells control remodeling are not well defined. Here, we review the impact and influence of T cells and their products on the differentiation and function of bone cells during bone remodeling. Synthesizing new connections and highlighting potential mechanisms may promote additional avenues of study to elucidate the full role that immune cells play in regulating bone homeostasis.
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