Climate change has resulted in serious
social-economic ramifications and extremely catastrophic weather events in the
world, Tanzania and Zanzibar in particular, with adaptation being the only
option to reduce impacts. The study focuses on the influence of climate change
and variability on spatio-temporal rainfall and temperature variability and
distribution in Zanzibar. The station observation datasets of rainfall, Tmax and Tmin acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) and
the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX)
projected datasets from the Regional climate model HIRHAM5 under driving model
ICHEC-EC-EARH, for the three periods of 1991-2020 used as baseline (HS), 2021-2050
as near future (NF) and 2051-2080 far future (FF), under two representative
concentration pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5, were used. The long-term observed
Tmax and Tmin were used to produce time series for
observing the nature and trends, while the observed rainfall data was used for
understanding wet and dry periods, trends and slope (at p ≤ 0.05) using the
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Mann Kendall test (MK).
Moreover, the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) under the Inverse
Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation techniques were used for mapping the three decades of 1991-2000 (hereafter D1), 2001-2010
(hereafter D2) and 2011-2020 (hereafter D3) to analyze periodical spatial
rainfall distribution in Zanzibar. As for the projected datasets the Climate
Data Operator Commands (CDO), python scripts and Grid analysis and Display
System (GrADS) soft-wares were used to process and display the results of the
projected datasets of rainfall, Tmax and Tmin
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