The study analyzes the main literature references that face up to the topic of learning methodology in the training of young soccer player. Flexible learning involves not only technical skills but also it extends to athletic competencies and athletic skills. The coaches and the staff of athletics and conditioning may？submit to the same methodological approach: the dynamic ecological approach. The study meets the topic of motion transfer and suggests some types of tasks that give more effectiveness to the young soccer player in the structuring of flexible learning. Finally, some exercises are proposed that can help the young footballer to make his learning flexible.
References
[1]
Altavilla, G., Aliberti, S., D’Isanto, T., & Raiola, G. (2022). A Comparison between Ecological-Dynamic and Cognitive Approach to Improve Accuracy in Basketball Shot. Studia Sportiva, 1, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.5817/StS2022-1-1
[2]
Araújo, D., & Davids, K. (2011). What Exactly Is Acquired during Skill Acquisition? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 18, 7-23.
[3]
Barba-Martín, R. A., Bores-García, D., Hortigüela-Alcalá, D., & González-Calvo, G. (2020). The Application of the Teaching Games for Understanding in Physical Education. Systematic Review of the Last Six Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article No. 3330.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093330
[4]
Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The Coordination and Regulations of Movements. Pergamon Press.
[5]
Bosch, F. (2010). Strength Training and Coordination: An Integrative Approach. Uitgevers.
[6]
Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Hristovski, R., Araújo, D., & Passos, P. (2011). Nonlinear Pedagogy: Learning Design for Self-Organizing Neurobiological Systems. New Ideas in Psychology, 29, 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2010.10.001
[7]
Chow, J. Y., Komar, J., & Seifert, L. (2021). The Role of Nonlinear Pedagogy in Supporting the Design of Modified Games in Junior Sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 744814. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744814
[8]
Davids, K., Otte, F., & Rothwell, M. (2021). Adopting an Ecological Perspective on Skill Performance and Learning in Sport. European Journal of Human Movement, 46, 1-3.
https://doi.org/10.21134/eurjhm.2021.46.667
[9]
Gibson, J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin.
[10]
Gray, R. (2018). Comparing Cueing and Constraints Interventions for Increasing Launch Angle in Baseball Batting. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7, 318-332.
https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000131
[11]
Hambrick, D., Oswald, F., Altmann, E., Meinz, E., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014). Deliberate Practice: Is That All It Takes to Become an Expert? Intelligence, 45, 34-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.001
[12]
Invernizzi, P. L., Rigon, M., Signorini, G., Colella, D., Trecroci, A., Formenti, D., & Scurati, R. (2022). Effects of Varied Practice Approach in Physical Education Teaching on Inhibitory Control and Reaction Time in Preadolescents. Sustainability, 14, Article No. 6455. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116455
[13]
Kelso, J. A. S. (1995). Dynamic Patterns: The Self Organization of the Brain and Behavior. MIT Press.
[14]
Krause, L., Farrow, D., Reid, M., Buszard, T. & Pinder, R. (2018). Helping Coaches Apply the Principles of Representative Learning Design: Validation of a Tennis Specific Practice Assessment Tool. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36, 1277-1286.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1374684
[15]
Napier, C., Cochrane, C. K., Taunton, J. E., & Hunt, M. A. (2015). Gait Modifications to Change Lower Extremity Gait Biomechanics in Runners: A Systematic Review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 1382-1388.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094393
[16]
Otte, F. W., Davids, K., Millar, S-K., & Klatt, S. (2021). Understanding How Athletes Learn: Integrating Skill Training Concepts, Theory and Practice from an Ecological Perspective. Applied Coaching Research Journal, 7, 22-32.
[17]
Ranganathan R., Lee M. H. & Newell K. M. (2020). Repetition without Repetition: Challenges in Understanding Behavioral Flexibility in Motor Skill. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02018
[18]
Ribeiro, J., Davids, K., Silva, P., Coutinho, P., Barreira, D., & Garganta, J. (2021). Talent Development in Sport Requires Athlete Enrichment: Contemporary Insights from a Nonlinear Pedagogy and the Athletic Skills Model. Sports Medicine, 51, 1115-1122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01437-6
[19]
Rudd, J., Renshaw, I., Savelsbergh, G., Chow, J. Y., Roberts, W., & Newcombe, D. (2021). Nonlinear Pedagogy and the Athletic Skills Model: The Importance of Play in Supporting Physical Literacy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003025375
[20]
Sannicandro, I. (2019). Small-Sided Games Configuration Pitch and External Motor Load Relationship in Young Soccer Players: Narrative Literature Review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19, 1989-1993.
[21]
Sannicandro, I. (2022). From Traditional Approach to Ecological Dynamics Approach with the Italian Young Soccer Players. Advances in Physical Education, 12, 201-216.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2022.123016
[22]
Scharfen, H. E., & Memmert, D. (2019). The Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Motor Skills in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Frontiers in psychology, 10, Article 817. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00817
[23]
Schollhorn, W. I., Rizzi, N., Slapsinskaite, Dackeviciene, & A. Leite, N. (2022). Always Pay Attention to Which Model of Motor Learning You Are Using. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article No. 711.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020711
[24]
Seifert, L., & Davids, K. (2017). Ecological Dynamics: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Sport Performance, Physical Education and Physical Activity. In P. Bourgine, P. Collet, & P. Parrend (Eds.), First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015. Springer Proceedings in Complexity (pp. 29040). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45901-1_3
[25]
Seifert, L., Button, C., & Davids, K. (2013). Key Properties of Expert Movement Systems in Sport: An Ecological Dynamics Perspective. Sports Medicine, 43, 167-178.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0011-z
[26]
Seifert, L., Komar, J., Barbosa, T., Toussaint, H., Millet, G., & Davids, K. (2014). Coordination Pattern Variability Provides Functional Adaptations to Constraints in Swimming Performance. Sports Medicine, 44, 1333-1345.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0210-x
[27]
Sgro, F., Quinto, A., Platania, F., & Lipoma, M. (2019). Assessing the Impact of a Physical Education Project Based on Games Approach on the Actual Motor Competence of Primary School Children. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19, 781-786.
https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s3111
[28]
Smith, L. (1973). Specifcity versus Generality of Relationships between Individual Differences in Motor Abilities. Educational Perspectives, 12, 19-28.
[29]
Wallis, R., Elliott, B., & Koh, M. (2002). The Effect of a Fast Bowling Harness in Cricket: An Intervention Study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 495-506.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410252925161
[30]
Woods, C. T., McKeown, I., Rothwell, M., Araújo, D., Robertson, S., & Davids, K. (2020). Sport Practitioners as Sport Ecology Designers: How Ecological Dynamics Has Progressively Changed Perceptions of Skill “Acquisition” in the Sporting Habitat. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00654
[31]
Woods, C. T., Rothwell, M., Rudd, J., Robertson, S., & Davids, K. (2021). Representative Co-Design: Utilising a Source of Experiential Knowledge for Athlete Development and Performance Preparation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, Article ID: 101804.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101804
