Backgrounds: Weekend catch-up sleep is the difference in sleep duration between the weekend and weekdays, and reflects sleep debt, whose significance is hypothesized to be altered by weekday sleep duration. This study aimed to assess this hypothesis. Methods: Multiple-comparison tests and multiple-regression analyses were conducted on questionnaires asking various lifestyle habits obtained from 2722 pupils in grades 5 to 12 and stratified by groups of pupils with shorter (≤7 hours) or longer (>7 hours) sleep duration on the nights before schooldays. Results: The percentage of pupils in negative non-school day catch-up sleep category was 6.6%, whereas that in non-school day catch-up sleep > 2 hours was 14.4%. In comparison with the reference category (non-school day catch-up sleep of zero), multiple comparison tests on lifestyle habits revealed significantly longer screen time in the shorter sleep-duration group of pupils with negative non-school day catch-up sleep and those with non-school day catch-up sleep > 2 hours. This analysis also demonstrated a significantly longer screen time in the longer sleep-duration group of pupils with non-school day catch-up sleep > 2 hours. Physical activity in pupils with negative non-school day catch-up sleep in the longer sleep-duration group was significantly longer, while that in pupils with non-school day catch-up sleep > 2 hours in the shorter sleep-duration group was significantly shorter. In the longer sleep-duration group, pupils with non-school day catch-up sleep > 2 hours showed poorer academic performance. Multiple regression analysis revealed that longer physical and after-school activities were significantly associated with non-school day catch-up sleep decrease in both the study groups. In the longer sleep-duration group, male gender, shorter screen time, and higher standardized body mass index were significantly associated with decreased non-school day catch-up sleep. Conclusions: Sleep duration before school days contributed differently to the non-school day catch-up sleep evaluation.
References
[1]
Merdad, R.A., Akil, H. and Wali, S.O. (2017) Sleepiness in Adolescents. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 12, 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.014
[2]
Mindell, J.A., Owens, J., Alves R., Bruni, O., Goh, D.Y., Hiscock, H., Kohyama, J. and Sadeh, A. (2011) Give Children and Adolescents the Gift of a Good Night’s Sleep: A Call to Action. Sleep Medicine, 12, 203-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2011.01.003
[3]
Taheri, S. (2006) The Link between Short Sleep Duration and Obesity: We Should Recommend More Sleep to Prevent Obesity. Archives of Disease of Children, 91, 881-884. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.093013
[4]
Shen, L., Wiley, J.F. and Bei, B. (2021) Perceived Daily Sleep Need and Sleep Debt in Adolescents: Associations with Daily Affect over School and Vacation Periods. Sleep, 44, Article No. zsab190. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab190
[5]
Roehrs, T., Zorick, F., Sicklesteel, J., Wittig, R. and Roth, T. (1983) Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Insufficient Sleep. Sleep, 6, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/6.4.319
[6]
Park, G.R. and Kim, J. (2022) Short Sleep Duration and Adolescent Health: Does Weekend Catch-up Sleep Work and for Whom? Public Health, 214, 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.008
[7]
Wolfson, A.R. and Carskadon, M.A. (1998) Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents. Child Development, 69, 875-887. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06149.x
[8]
Kuula, L., Pesonen, A.K., Martikainen, S., Kajantie, E., Lahti, J., Strandberg, T., Tuovinen, S., Heinonen, K., Pyhälä, R., Lahti, M. and Räikkönen K. (2015) Poor Sleep and Neurocognitive Function in Early Adolescence. Sleep Medicine, 16, 1207-1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.06.017
[9]
Leak, R.K., Weiner, S.L., Chandwani, M.N. and Rhodes, D.C. (2020) Long Weekend Sleep Is Linked to Stronger Academic Performance in Male but Not Female Pharmacy Students. Advances in Physiology Education, 44, 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00005.2020
[10]
Sunwoo, J.-S., Yang, K.I., Kim, J.H., Koo, D.L., Kim, D. and Hong, S.B. (2020) Sleep Duration Rather than Sleep Timing Is Associated with Obesity in Adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 68, 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.12.014
[11]
Woo, S., Song, H.J., Song, J.-K., Kim, Y., Lim, H. and Park, K.H. (2023) Parent and Child Characteristics Associated with Treatment Non-Response to a Short-versus Long-Term Lifestyle Intervention in Pediatric Obesity. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-022-01207-1
[12]
Huang, W.Y. and Wong, S.H.S. (2019) Prospective Associations between Weekend Catch-up Sleep, Physical Activity, and Childhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity, 15, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2018.0158
[13]
Van den Bulck, J. (2004) Television Viewing, Computer Game Playing, and Internet Use and Self-Reported Time to Bed and Time out of Bed in Secondary-School Children. Sleep, 27, 101-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.1.101
[14]
Gamble, A.L., D’Rozario, A.L., Bartlett, D.J., Williams, S., Bin, Y.S., Grunstein, R.R. and Marshall, N.S. (2014) Adolescent Sleep Patterns and Night-Time Technology Use: Results of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s Big Sleep Survey. PLOS ONE, 9, e111700. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111700
[15]
Mireku, M.O., Barker, M.M., Mutz, J., Dumontheil, I., Thomas, M.S.C., Röösli, M., Elliott, P. and Toledano, M.B. (2019) Night-Time Screen-Based Media Device Use and Adolescents’ Sleep and Health-Related Quality of Life. Environment International, 124, 66-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.069
[16]
Olds, T., Maher, C. and Dumuid, D. (2019) Life on Holidays: Differences in Activity Composition between School and Holiday Periods in Australian Children. BMC Public Health, 19, Article No. 450. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6765-6
[17]
Lee, H., Kim, Y.-J., Jeon, Y.-H., Kim, S.H. and Park, E.-C. (2022) Association of Weekend Catch-up Sleep Ratio and Subjective Sleep Quality with Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation among Korean Adolescents. Scientific Reports, 12, Article No. 10235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14352-1
[18]
Lv, Y., Cai, L., Zeng, X., Gui, Z., Lai, L., Tan, W. and Chen, Y. (2020) Association between Weekend Catch-up Sleep and Executive Functions in Chinese School-Aged Children. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16, 1285-1293. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8494
[19]
Tonetti, L., Andreose, A., Bacaro, V., Grimaldi, M., Natale, V. and Crocetti, E. (2023) Different Effects of Social Jetlag and Weekend Catch-up Sleep on Well-Being of Adolescents According to the Actual Sleep Duration. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 20, Article No. 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010574
[20]
Chaput, J.-P., Dutil, C., Featherstone, R., Ross, R., Giangregorio, L., Saunders, T.J., Janssen, I., Poitras, V.J., Kho, M.E., Ross-White, A., Zankar, S. and Carrier, J. (2020) Sleep Timing, Sleep Consistency, and Health in Adults: A Systematic Review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 45, S232-S247. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0032
[21]
Kohyama, J., Ono, M., Anzai, Y., Kishino, A., Tamanuki, K., Moriyama, K., Saito, Y., Emoto, R., Fuse, G. and Hatai, Y. (2020) Factors Associated with Sleep Duration among Pupils. Pediatric International, 62, 716-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14178
[22]
Kohyama, J. (2020) Pupils with Negative Social Jetlag in Japan Are Hypothesised to Constitute a Discrete Population. Medical Hypotheses, 144, Article ID: 110249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110249
[23]
Kohyama, J. (2021) Determinants of Sleepiness among Pupils in Kanto District of Japan. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 11, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2021.115008
[24]
Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S.M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz E.S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D.N., O’Donnell, A.E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R.C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M.V., Ware, J.C. and Adams, Hillard, P.J. (2015) National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Time Duration Recommendations: Methodology and Results Summary. Sleep Health, 1, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
[25]
Mizumoto, A. and Takeuchi, O. (2008) Basics and Considerations for Reporting Effect Sizes in Research Papers. English Education and Research, 31, 57-66. (In Japanese)
[26]
Carskadon, M.A. and Dement, W.C. (2017) Normal Human Sleep: An Overview. In: Kryger, M.H., Roth, T., Dement, W.C., Eds., Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th Edition, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-24288-2.00002-7
[27]
Japan Society of School Health (2018) Annual Reports on Health of Children Attending Elementary Schools and Junior High Schools in 2015-17. Japan Society of School Health, Tokyo.
