全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Media Coverage of COVID-19 Pandemic during the Trump and Biden Administrations

DOI: 10.4236/ajc.2023.113016, PP. 220-241

Keywords: Agenda-Setting, Media Coverage, COVID-19, Trump, Biden

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This research explored media coverage of the pandemic in the United States across two different administrations. The study revealed that both Fox News and MSNBC discussed the pandemic and utilized the five listed attributes, but the salience of these attributes varied for each media outlet. Key findings from examining individual sources showed the nuances of the media’s coverage and the differences in framing the pandemic across the two administrations.

References

[1]  Alcabes, P. (2009). Dread: How Fear and Fantasy Have Fueled Epidemics from the Black Death to the Avian Flu. Public Affairs Books.
[2]  Allan, S. (2002). Media, Risk and Science. Open University Press.
[3]  Aratani, L. (2020). How Did Face Masks Become a Political Issue in America? The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/29/face-masks-us-politics-coronavirus
[4]  Balmas, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate Image in Election Campaigns: Attribute Agenda Setting, Affective Priming, and Voting Intentions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22, 204-229.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq009
[5]  Basch, C. H., Hillyer, G. C., Meleo-Erwin, Z., Mohlman, J., Cosgrove, A., & Quinones, N. (2020a). News Coverage of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Missed Opportunities to Promote Health Sustaining Behaviors. Infection, Disease & Health, 25, 205-209.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.05.001
[6]  Basch, C. H., Kecojevic, A., & Wagner, V. H. (2020b). Coverage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Online Versions of Highly Circulated U.S. Daily Newspapers. Journal of Community Health, 45, 1089-1097.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00913-w
[7]  Birkland, T., & Waterman, S. (2008). Is Federalism the Reason for Policy Failure in Hurricane Katrina? Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 38, 692-714.
https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjn020
[8]  BMJ (2020). US Viewer Preference for Right-Wing TV Media Linked to Few Preventive Measures against COVID-19.
https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/us-viewer-preference-for-right-wing-tv-media-linked-to-fewer-preventive-measures-against-covid-19/
[9]  Bomlitz, L. J., & Brezis, M. (2008). Misrepresentation of Health Risks by Mass Media. Journal of Public Health, 30, 202-204.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdn009
[10]  Buturoiu, D. R., & Gavrilescu, M. (2021). Key Words Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic. Comparing Media and the Public Agenda. Journal of Media Research, 14, 5-25.
https://doi.org/10.24193/jmr.40.1
[11]  Camaj, L. (2014). Need for Orientation, Selective Exposure, and Attribute Agenda-Setting Effects. Mass Communication and Society, 17, 689-712.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2013.835424
[12]  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). The Media’s Role in a Crisis, Disaster, or Emergency.
https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/cerccorner/article_031517.asp
[13]  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). COVID Data Tracker.
https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home
[14]  Chan, M., & Lee, F. L. F. (2014). Selective Exposure and Agenda Setting: Exploring the Impact on Partisan Media Exposure on Agenda Diversity and Political Participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 24, 301-314.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2014.903424
[15]  Chen, E., Chang, H., Rao, A., Lerman, K., Cowan, G., & Ferrara, E. (2021). COVID-19 Misinformation and the 2020 US Presidential Election. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1.
https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-57
[16]  Coleman, R., & Wu, H. D. (2010). Proposing Emotion as a Dimension of Affective Agenda Setting: Separating Affect into Two Components and Comparing Their Second-Level Effects. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87, 315-327.
https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901008700206
[17]  Davidson, A. E., & Wallack, L. (2004). A Content Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the Print News Media. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 111-117.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730490425268
[18]  Dilliplane, S. (2011). All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75, 287-316.
https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr006
[19]  Fu, K., Zhou, L., Zhang, Q., Chan, Y., & Burkhart, F. (2012). Newspaper Coverage of Emergency Response and Government Responsibility in Domestic Natural Disasters: China-US and within-China Comparisons. Health, Risk & Society, 14, 71-85.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2011.641521
[20]  Gilens, M. (1996). Race and Poverty in America: Public Misperceptions and the American News Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60, 515-541.
https://doi.org/10.1086/297771
[21]  Gollust, S. E., Nagler, R. H., & Fowler, E. F. (2020). The Emergence of COVID-19 in the US: A Public Health and Political Communication Crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 45, 967-981.
https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8641506
[22]  Haroon, O, & Rizvi, S. A. R (2020). COVID-19: Media Coverage and Financial Markets Behavior—A Sectoral Inquiry. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 100343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100343
[23]  Hopmann, D. N., Elmelund-Præstekær, C., Albæk, E., Vliegenthart, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2010). Party Media Agenda-Setting: How Parties Influence Election News Coverage. Party Politics, 18, 173-191.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810380097
[24]  Hubner, A. (2021). How Did We Get Here? A Framing and Source Analysis of Early COVID-19 Media Coverage. Communication Research Reports, 38, 112-120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112
[25]  International Monetary Fund (2020a). World Economic Outlook, April 2020: The Great Lockdown.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020
[26]  International Monetary Fund (2020b). World Economic Outlook, October 2020: A Long and Difficult Ascent.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020
[27]  Johns Hopkins University & Medicine (2022). Coronavirus Resource Center.
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
[28]  Kahane, L. H. (2021). Politicizing the Mask: Political, Economic, and Demographic Factors Affecting Mask Wearing Behavior in the USA. Eastern Economic Journal, 47, 163-183.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41302-020-00186-0
[29]  Kerr, J., Panagopoulos, C., & van der Linden, S. (2021). Political Polarization on COVID-19 Pandemic Response in the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, Article ID: 110892.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110892
[30]  Kim, E., Shepherd, M. E., & Clinton, J. D. (2020). The Effect of Big-City News on Rural America during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 22009-22014.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009384117
[31]  Klemm, C., Das, E., & Hartmann, T. (2016). Swine Flu and Hype: A Systematic Review of Media Dramatization of the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic. Journal of Risk Research, 19, 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2014.923029
[32]  Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). SAGE.
[33]  Kuttschreuter, M., Gutteling, J. M., & de Hond, M. (2011). Framing and Tone-of-Voice of Disaster Media Coverage: The Aftermath of the Enschede Fireworks Disaster in the Netherlands. Health, Risk & Society, 13, 201-220.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2011.558620
[34]  Lang, J., Erickson, W. W., & Jing-Schmidt, Z. (2021). #MaskOn! #MaskOff! Digital Polarization of Mask-Wearing in the United States during COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 16, e0250817.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250817
[35]  López-Escobar, E., Llamas, J. P., & McCombs, M. (1998). Agenda Setting and Community Consensus: First and Second Level Effects. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 10, 335-348.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/10.4.335
[36]  Mach, K. J., Reyes, R. S., Pentz, B., Taylor, J., Costa, C. A., Cruz, S. G., Thomas, K. E., Arnott, J. C., Donald, R., Jagannathan, K., Kirchhoff, C. J., Rosella, L. C., & Klenk, N. (2021). News Media Coverage of COVID-19 Public Health and Policy Information. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, Article No. 220.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00900-z
[37]  McCombs, M., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-Escobar, E., & Rey, F. (1997). Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74, 703-717.
https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400404
[38]  Melki, J., Tamim, H., Hadid, D., Farhat, S., Makki, M., Ghandour, L., & Hitti, E. (2022). Media Exposure and Health Behavior during Pandemics: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Knowledge and Fear on Compliance with COVID-19 Prevention Measures. Health Communication, 37, 586-596.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1858564
[39]  Meraz, S. (2011). The Fight for ‘How to Think’: Traditional Media, Social Networks, and Issue Interpretation. Journalism, 12, 107-127.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884910385193
[40]  Mesch, G. S., Schwirian, K. P., & Kolobov, T. (2013). Attention to the Media and Worry over Becoming Infected: The Case of the Swine Flu (H1N1) Epidemic of 2009. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35, 325-331.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01500.x
[41]  Moon, S. J. (2011). Attention, Attitude, and Behavior: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects as a Mediator of Media Use and Political Participation. Communication Research, 40, 698-719.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211423021
[42]  Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Farhart, C. (2020). How Right-Leaning Media Coverage of COVID-19 Facilitated the Spread of Misinformation in the Early Stages of the Pandemic in the U.S. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 53, 335-342.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000396
[43]  Mutz, D. C., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating Communication across Lines of Political Differences: The Role of Mass Media. American Political Science Review, 95, 97-144.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401000223
[44]  Pearman, O., Boykoff, M., Osborne-Gowey, J., Aoyagi, M., Ballantyne, A. G., Chandler, P., Daly, M., Doi, K., Fernández-Reyes, R., Jiménez-Gómez, I., Nacu-Schmidt, A., McAllister, L., McNatt, M., Mocatta, G., Petersen, L. K., Simonsen, A. H., & Ytterstad, A. (2021). COVID-19 Media Coverage Decreasing Despite Deepening Crisis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5, e6-e7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30303-X
[45]  Pieri, E. (2019). Media Framing and the Threat of Global Pandemics: The Ebola Crisis in UK Media and Policy Response. Sociological Research Online, 24, 73-92.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418811966
[46]  Plough, A., Bristow, B., Fielding, J., Caldwell, S., & Khan, S. (2011). Pandemics and Health Equity: Lessons Learned from the H1N1 Response in Los Angeles County. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 17, 20-27.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181ff2ad7
[47]  Rahtz, D. R., Schultz II, C. J., & Sirgy, M. J. (2022). A Matter of Trust: The COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States Amidst Political and Media Polarization, and a Narcissistic Presidency. In C. J. Shultz II, D. R. Rahtz, & M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), Community, Economy and COVID-19: Lessons from Multi-Country Analyses of a Global Pandemic (pp. 575-602). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98152-5_27
[48]  Roberts, M., Wanta, W., & Dzwo, T. H. (2002). Agenda Setting and Issue Salience Online. Communication Research, 29, 452-465.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202029004004
[49]  Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2021). Patterns of Media Use, Strength of Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories, and the Prevention of COVID-19 From March to July 2020 in the United States: Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23, e25215.
https://doi.org/10.2196/25215
[50]  Sommers, S. R., Apfelbaum, E. P., Dukes, K. N., Toosi, N., & Wang, E. J. (2006). Race and Media Coverage of Hurricane Katrina: Analysis, Implications, and Future Research Questions. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 6, 39-55.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2006.00103.x
[51]  Stroud, N. J. (2007). Media Effects, Selective Exposure, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Political Communication, 24, 415-432.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600701641565
[52]  Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556-576.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
[53]  Vargo, C. J., & Guo, L. (2016). Networks, Big Data, and Intermedia Agenda Setting: An Analysis of Traditional, Partisan, and Emerging Online U.S. News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94, 1031-1055.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016679976
[54]  Wu, H. D., & Coleman, R. (2009). Advancing Agenda-Setting Theory: The Comparative Strength and New Contingent Conditions of the Two Levels of Agenda-Setting Effects. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86, 775-789.
https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600404
[55]  Zhang, Y., & Trifiro, B. (2022). Who Portrayed It as “The Chinese Virus”? An Analysis of the Multiplatform Partisan Framing in U.S. News Coverage about China in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Communication, 16, 1027-1050.
https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17916
[56]  Zhou, E., Wu, Q., Crimmins, E. M., & Ailshire, J. A. (2020). Media Trust and Infection Mitigating Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the USA. BMJ Global Health, 5, e003323.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003323
[57]  Zoizner, A., Sheafer, T., & Walgrave, S. (2017). How Politicians’ Attitudes and Goals Moderate Political Agenda Setting by the Media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22, 431-449.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217723149

Full-Text

comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413