Opilia amentacea (Opiliaceae) is a woody plant
with multiple medicinal claimed effects. The present study aimed to assess the
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the decoction and macerate
extracts from the leaves of Opilia
amentacea. Moreover, acute
toxicity and phytochemical analysis were performed. The acute toxicity
was evaluated on NMRI mice at 2000 mg/kg bw. The anti-inflammatory activity was
studied using the carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and the lipoxygenase
inhibition assay. The radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), ferric-reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays were used to
measure the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Qualitative and quantitative
methods served for identifying and quantifying the extract’s phytoconstituents.
The decoction demonstrated low acute toxicity; the lethal dose was therefore
estimated to be superior to 2000 mg/kg bw. The extracts significantly reduced
the mouse paw’s thickness at 600 mg/kg bw. The extracts developed weak radical
scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects. However, the macerate showed a high ability (664.90 ± 0.71 mol Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/g
dry extract) to reduce the ferric ions. Saponins, sterols, triterpenes,
and flavonoids were qualitatively detected in the two extracts. Total phenolics
(TP) and total flavonoids (TF) were found abundant in the extracts, especially
the decoction (TP content (TPC) = 94.03 ± 2.66 mg GAE/g; TF content (TFC) =
35.05 ± 0.32 mg QE/g). Strong positive
correlations existed between ferric-reducing capacity and TPC (r = 0.959) for
the macerate, while TFC was mainly involved in the DPPH radical scavenging of
the two extracts. Instead, most correlations were negative between the
polyphenol compounds and the anti-inflammatory assays. The results indicate
potent invivo anti-inflammatory and invitro antioxidant effects of the aqueous extracts from the leaves of Opilia
amentacea. Further studies are needed to find the anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant effects mechanism.
References
[1]
Musa, H.H., et al. (2022) Traditional Herbal Medicine: Overview of Research Indexed in the Scopus Database. Advances in Traditional Medicine.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-022-00670-2
[2]
West African Health Organisation (WAHO) (2013) West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
https://www.wahooas.org/web-ooas/sites/default/files/publications/2185/west-african-herbal-pharmacopoeiaok.pdf
[3]
Chaitanya, M.V.N.L., et al. (2021) Traditional African Medicine. In: El-Shemy, H., Ed., Natural Medicinal Plants, IntechOpen, London, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96576
[4]
Ezekwesili-Ofili, J.O. and Okaka A.N.A.C. (2019) Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine. In: Builders, P.F., Ed., Herbal Medicine, Intechopen, London, 191-214.
[5]
Ali Elkordy, A., Haj-Ahmad, R.R., Awaad, A.S. and Zaki, R.M. (2021) An Overview on Natural Product Drug Formulations from Conventional Medicines to Nanomedicines: Past, Present and Future. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 63, Article ID: 102459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102459
[6]
Zhou, Y.X., Wang, D.D. and Yan, W.J. (2023) Treatment Effects of Natural Products on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Vivo and Their Mechanisms: Based on Animal Experiments. Nutrients, 15, Article 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041031
[7]
World Flora Online (WFO) (2023) Opilia celtidifolia Endl. ex Walp.
http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000387257#E
[8]
Muniyandi, K., et al. (2019) Effects of in vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Opilia amentacea Roxb Fruit. LWT, 111, 774-781.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.079
[9]
Gronhaug, T.E., et al. (2008) Ethnopharmacological Survey of Six Medicinal Plants from Mali, West-Africa. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 4, Article No. 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-4-26
[10]
Youl, O., et al. (2021) Preliminary Screening of the Antimicrobial Activity of Nine Medicinal Plant Species from Burkina Faso. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15, 522-530. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2021.7106
[11]
Amang, A.P., et al. (2020) Hepatoprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Opilia celtidifolia (Opiliaceae) Leaves against Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, Article ID: 6297475.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6297475
[12]
Koudouvo, K., et al. (2011) In vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Crude Extracts from Togolese Medicinal Plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4, 129-132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60052-7
[13]
Sanon, S., et al. (2013) In Vitro Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Properties of Some Medicinal Plants from Western Burkina Faso. African Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 2, a81. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v2i1.81
[14]
Konaté, K., et al. (2014) Free Radicals Scavenging Capacity, Antidiabetic and Antihypertensive Activities of Flavonoid-Rich Fractions from Leaves of Trichilia emetica and Opilia amentacea in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, Article ID: 867075.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/867075
[15]
Togola, A., Karabinta, K., Denou, A., Haidara, M., Sanogo, R. and Diallo, D. (2009) Effet protecteur des feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia contre l’ulcère induit par l’éthanol chez le rat. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8, 2416-2423.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i6.5
[16]
Maiga, A., Diallo, D., Fane, S., Sanogo, R., Paulsen, B.S. and Cisse, B. (2005) A Survey of Toxic Plants on the Market in the District of Bamako, Mali: Traditional Knowledge Compared with a Literature Search of Modern Pharmacology and Toxicology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96, 183-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.005
[17]
Inngjerdingen, K.T., et al. (2013) Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from Malian Medicinal Plants Protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Mouse Pneumococcal Infection Model. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 77, 372-388.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12047
[18]
Togola, A., et al. (2008) Polysaccharides with Complement Fixing and Macrophage Stimulation Activity from Opilia celtidifolia, Isolation and Partial Characterisation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115, 423-431.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.017
[19]
Magid, A.A., Abdellah, A., Pecher, V., Pasquier, L., Harakat, D. and Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, L. (2017) Flavonol Glycosides and Lignans from the Leaves of Opilia amentacea. Phytochemistry Letters, 21, 84-89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2017.05.023
[20]
Youl, O., et al. (2023) Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Opilia amentacea Roxb. (Opiliaceae). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.1502.v1
[21]
May, J.C., Wheeler, R.M. and Grim, E. (1989) The Gravimetric Method for the Determination of Residual Moisture in Freeze-Dried Biological Products. Cryobiology, 26, 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(89)90023-0
[22]
Koala, M., et al. (2021) HPTLC Phytochemical Screening and Hydrophilic Antioxidant Activities of Apium graveolens L., Cleome gynandra L., and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Used for Diabetes Management. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 12, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2021.121002
[23]
Turkmen, N., Velioglu, Y.S., Sari, F. and Polat, G. (2007) Effect of Extraction Conditions on Measured Total Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Black Tea. Molecules, 12, 484-496. https://doi.org/10.3390/12030484
[24]
Abdel-Hameed, E.S.S. (2009) Total Phenolic Contents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Certain Egyptian Ficus Species Leaf Samples. Food Chemistry, 114, 1271-1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.005
[25]
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2001) OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Guideline 423: Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxic Class Method.
[26]
Winter, C.A., Risley, E.A. and Nuss, G.W., (1962) Carrageenin-Induced Edema in Hind Paw of the Rat as an Assay for Antiinflammatory Drugs. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 111, 544-547. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-111-27849
[27]
Malterud, K.E. and Rydland, K. (2000) Inhibitors of 15-Lipoxygenase from Orange Peel. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 5576-5580.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000613v
[28]
Belem-Kabré, W.L.M.E., et al. (2021) Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Extracts from the Roots of Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) and Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Two Plants Used in Traditional Medicine. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 15, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2020.1107
[29]
Kim, J.L., Kang, Y.H. and Kang, J.S. (2007) Study on Antioxidant Potency of Green Tea by DPPH Method. The FASEB Journal, 21, A726-A727.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.21.5.A726
[30]
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. (1999) Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231-1237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
[31]
Payne, A.C., Mazzer, A., Clarkson, G.J.J. and Taylor, G. (2013) Antioxidant Assays—Consistent Findings from FRAP and ORAC Reveal a Negative Impact of Organic Cultivation on Antioxidant Potential in Spinach But Not Watercress or Rocket Leaves. Food Science & Nutrition, 1, 439-444. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71
[32]
Hinneburg, I., Dorman Damien, H.J. and Hiltunen, R. (2006) Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Selected Culinary Herbs and Spices. Food Chemistry, 97, 122-129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.028
[33]
Sombie, P.A.E.D., et al. (2011) Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities from Galls of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (Combretaceae). Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5, 448-461. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2011.448.461
[34]
Ratner, B. (2009) The Correlation Coefficient: Its Values Range Between +1/−1, or Do They? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 17, 139-142.
https://doi.org/10.1057/jt.2009.5
Kuchta, K. and Cameron, S. (2021) Tradition to Pathogenesis: A Novel Hypothesis for Elucidating the Pathogenesis of Diseases Based on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, Article 705077.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.705077
[37]
Raja, K.S., Taip, F.S., Azmi, M.M.Z. and Shishir, M.R.I. (2019) Effect of Pre-Treatment and Different Drying Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Carica papaya L. Leaf Powder. Journal of Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18, 150-156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.04.001
[38]
Ramasar, R., Naidoo, Y., Dewir, Y.H. and El-Banna, A.N. (2022) Seasonal Change in Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. Leaf Extract. Horticulturae, 8, Article 780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090780
[39]
Das, A.K., Islam, N., Faruk, O., Ashaduzzaman, M. and Dungani, R. (2020) Review on Tannins: Extraction Processes, Applications and Possibilities. South African Journal of Botany, 135, 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.008
[40]
United Nations (2011) Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Fourth Revised Edition. United Nations, New York.
[41]
Tesfaye, R., Degu, A., Abebe, B. and Ayalew, H. (2020) Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of 80% Methanol Leaf Extract of Otostegia integrifolia Benth (Lamiaceae). Journal of Inflammation Research, 13, 1175-1183.
https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S285932
[42]
Patil, K.R., et al. (2019) Animal Models of Inflammation for Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Implications for the Discovery and Development of Phytopharmaceuticals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, Article 4367.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184367
[43]
Shin, S.A., et al. (2020) Phytochemicals as Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Animal Models of Prevalent Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules, 25, Article 5932.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245932
[44]
Saleh, H.A., Yousef, M.H. and Abdelnaser, A. (2021) The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Phytochemicals and Their Effects on Epigenetic Mechanisms Involved in TLR4/NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, Article 606069.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.606069
[45]
Nwachukwu, I.D., Sarteshnizi, R.A., Udenigwe, C.C. and Aluko, R.E. (2021) A Concise Review of Current in Vitro Chemical and Cell-Based Antioxidant Assay Methods. Molecules, 26, Article 4865. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164865
[46]
Zhang, Y.J., et al. (2015) Antioxidant Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Molecules, 20, 21138-21156.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219753
[47]
Christodoulou, M.C., et al. (2022) Spectrophotometric Methods for Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Food and Pharmaceuticals. Antioxidants Basel, 11, Article 2213. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112213
[48]
Jacobo-Velázquez, D.A. and Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2009) Correlations of Antioxidant Activity against Phenolic Content Revisited: A New Approach in Data Analysis for Food and Medicinal Plants. Journal of Food Sciences, 74, R107-R113.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01352.x
