The experimental research, presented in the study, focuses on track tests
with the aim of highlighting changes in lap times after manipulative treatment
of drainage of the glymphatic system and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.Introduction: The experimental research,
presented in this study, focuses on analyzing the potential effects of a
manipulative treatment on the performance of a professional driver. The main
objective is to evaluate the change in lap times after the application of the
treatment, trying to understand whether it can actually positively influence
the driver’s performance.The study
stands an important opportunity to extend knowledge, regarding the use of
manipulative therapies in the context of optimized driving skills. The results
obtained could provide useful insights and contribute to improving the
performance of professional drivers by offering new perspectives and strategies to improve their performance.Leveraging a rigorous
scientific approach and a sample of highly skilled drivers, the research
aims to provide concrete evidence on the effectiveness
of manipulative treatment in driving skills. Monitoring lap times before and
after the intervention also capture any temporary or long-term effects of the
treatment, ensuring a thorough and reliable analysis of the results.Materials and methods: 15 professional drivers, aged 18 to 36 years, with at least 10 years of
experience as drivers, participated in this study. The test consisted of analyzing
lap times before and after treatment.
References
[1]
Anastasi, G., et al. (2006) Trattato di anatomia umana. Vol. 1, 4th Edition, Edi. Ermes, Milano, 431-434.
[2]
Cattaneo, L. (1986) Compendio di anatomia umana. Monduzzieditore, Milano, 336-338.
[3]
Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T.J., Eccles, J.D., Rouhani, S.J., Peske, J.D., et al. (2015) Structural and Functional Features of Central Nervous System Lymphatic Vessels. Nature, 523, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14432
[4]
Xu, Y., Cheng, L., Yuan, L., Yi, Q., Xiao, L. and Chen, H. (2022) Progress on Brain and Ocular Lymphatic System. BioMed Research International, 2022, Article ID: 6413553. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6413553
[5]
Weller, R.O., Djuanda, E., Yow, H.Y. and Carare, R.O. (2009) Lymphatic Drainage of the Brain and the Pathophysiology of Neurological Disease. Acta Neuropathologica, 117, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-008-0457-0
[6]
Laman, J.D. and Weller, R.O. (2013) Drainage of Cells and Soluble Antigen from the CNS to Regional Lymph Nodes. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 8, 840-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-013-9470-8
[7]
Cattaneo, L. (1989) Anatomia del sistema nervoso centrale e periferico dell’uomo. 2th edizione, Monduzzieditore, Milano, 284-288.
[8]
Sutherland, W.G. (1939) The Cranial Bowl. Free Press Co., Mankato.
[9]
Herrings, S.W. and Teng, S. (2000) Strain in the Braincase and Its Suture during Function. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 112, 575-593.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200008)112:4<575::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-0
[10]
Markey, M.J. and Marshall, C.R. (2006) Linking Form and Function of the Fibrous Joint in the Skull: A New Quantification Scheme for Cranial Sutures Using the Extant Fish Polypterus endlicherii. Journal of Morphology, 268, 89-102.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10504
[11]
Ross, C.F. (2008) Does the Primate Face Torque? In: Vinyard, C., Ravosa, M.J. and Wall, C., Eds., Primate Craniofacial Function and Biology, Springer, Berlin, 63-81.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76585-3_4
Downey, P.A., Barbano, T., Kapur-Wadhwa, R., et al. (2006) Craniosacral Therapy: the Effects of Cranial Manipulation on Intercranial Pressure and Cranial Bone Movement. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36, 845-853.
https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.36.11.845
[14]
Iyo, T., Maki, Y., Sasaki, N., et al. (2004) Anisotropic Viscoelastic Properties of Cortical Bone. Journal of Biomechanics, 37, 1433-1437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.023
[15]
Sasaki, N. (2012) Viscoelastic Properties of Biological Materials. In: De Vincente, J., Ed., Viscoelasticity—From Theory to Biological Applications, InTech, Rijeka, 99-122.
https://doi.org/10.5772/49979
[16]
Currey, J.D. (2002) Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton University Press, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400849505
[17]
Gabutti, M. and Draper-Rodi, J. (2014) Osteopathic Decapitation: Why Do We Consider the Head Differently from the Rest of the Body? New Perspectives for an Evidence-Informed Osteopathic Approach to the Head. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 17, 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2014.02.001
[18]
Doblare, M., Garcia, J. and Gomez, M. (2004) Modelling Bone Tissue Fracture and Healing: A Review. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 71, 1809-1840.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2003.08.003
[19]
Mulvihill, B.M. and Prendergast, P.J. (2010) Mechanobiological Regulation of the Remodelling Cycle in Trabecular Bone and Possible Biomechanical Pathways for Osteoporosis. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), 25, 491-498.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.01.006
[20]
Corwin, S.C. and Doty, S.B. (2007) Tissue Mechanics. Springer, New York.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49985-7
Carnevali, L., Lombardi, L., Fornari, M. and Sgoifo, A. (2020) Exploring the Effects of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on Autonomic Function through the Lens of Heart Rate Variability. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, Article ID: 579365.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.579365
[23]
Tamburella, F., Piras, F., Piras, F., Spanò, B., Tramontano, M. and Gili, T. (2019) Cerebral Perfusion Changes after Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: A Randomized Manual Placebo-Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, Article No. 403. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00403
[24]
Henley, C.E., Ivins, D., Mills, M., Wen, F.K. and Benjamin, B.A. (2008) Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Its Relationship to Autonomic Nervous System Activity as Demonstrated by Heart Rate Variability: A Repeated Measures Study. Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care, 2, Article No. 7.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-4732-2-7
[25]
Rechberger, V., Biberschick, M. and Porthun, J. (2019) Effectiveness of an Osteopathic Treatment on the Autonomic Nervous System: A Systematic Review of the Literature. European Journal of Medical Research, 24, Article No. 36.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-019-0394-5
[26]
Henderson, A.T., Fisher, J.F., Blair, J., Shea, C., Li, T.S. and Bridges, K.G. (2010) Effects of Rib Raising on the Autonomic Nervous System: A Pilot Study Using Non-Invasive Biomarkers. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 110, 324-330.
[27]
Rechberger, V., Biberschick, M. and Porthun, J. (2019) Effectiveness of an Osteopathic Treatment on the Autonomic Nervous System: A Systematic Review of the Literature. European Journal of Medical Research, 24, Article No. 36.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-019-0394-5
[28]
Bayo-Tallon, V., Esquirol-Caussa, J., Pamias-Massana, M., Planells-Keller, K. and Palao-Vidal, D.J. (2019) Effects of Manual Cranial Therapy on Heart Rate Variability in Children without Associated Disorders: Translation to Clinical Practice. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 36, 125-141.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.06.008
[29]
Brolinson, P.G., Smolka, M., Rogers, M., Sukpraprut, S., Goforth, M.W., Tilley, G., et al. (2012) Precompetition Manipulative Treatment and Performance among Virginia Tech Athletes during 2 Consecutive Football Seasons: A Preliminary, Retrospective Report. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 112, 607-615.
[30]
Budgell, B. and Polus, B. (2006) The Effects of Thoracic Manipulation on Heart Rate Variability: A Controlled Crossover Trial. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 29, 603-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.08.011
[31]
Campbell, S.M., Winkelmann, R.R. and Walkowski, S. (2012) Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Novel Application to Dermatological Disease. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 5, 24-32.
[32]
Carnevali, L., Cerritelli, F., Guolo, F. and Sgoifo, A. (2020) Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Cardiovascualr Autonomic Parameters in Rugby Players: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 44, 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.09.002
[33]
Curi, A.C.C., Maior Alves, A.S. and Silva, J.G. (2018) Cardiac Autonomic Response after Cranial Technique of the Fourth Ventricle (cv4) Compression in Systemic Hypertensive Subjects. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 22, 666-672.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.11.013