Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities, Safety of Use and Spasmolytic Effects of Aqueous Decoction Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Leaves Hochst. ex A. DC. (Ebenaceae) on the Isolated Duodenum of Rat
Diospyros
mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC.
(Ebenaceae) is a multi-use plant, including for therapeutic purposes. It is
used in alternative medicine in Burkina Faso to treat conjunctivitis,
menorrhagia, dysentery, and diarrhea. The aim of our study was to evaluate the
chemical profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
activities, safety of use and spasmolytic effects of the aqueous decoction of Diospyros mespiliformis leaves. Phytochemical screening by HPTLC and assay of compounds of interest were carried
out. Four methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Inhibitory activity
against 15-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 was assessed. Acute oral toxicity
of the extract was tested on female mice
(NMRI). Following these tests, the extract contained bioactive compounds of
interest such as flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpenes, and saponosides. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aqueous decoctate were
70.59 ± 3.20 mg EAT/g and 31.57 ± 0.78 mg EQ/g respectively. The extract was
less active than Trolox with inhibitory concentrations of 50% (IC50)
for the ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and LPO tests of 7.53 ± 0.08 μg/mL, 29.47 ± 0.06
μg/mL, 1128.83 ± 4.82 mol EAA/g, and 32.30 ± 1.60 μg/mL respectively. The
extract has an anti-inflammatory effect with inhibition of phospholipase A2
compared to betamethasone. In addition, the aqueous extract produced an
antispasmodic effect with Emax of 70% and 80% respectively during contractions
induced by BaCl2 and ACh. Finally, this study provided basic
scientific data and could justify the use of D. mespiliformis leaves in
the treatment of diarrhea.
References
[1]
Khan, M.S.A. and Ahmad, I. (2019) Herbal Medicine: Current Trends and Future Prospects. In: Ahmad Khan, M.S., Ahmad, I. and Chattopadhyay, D., Eds., New Look to Phytomedicine, Academic Press, Cambridge, 3-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X
[2]
Bencheikh, N., Elbouzidi, A., Kharchoufa, L., Ouassou, H., Alami Merrouni, I., Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Hano, C., Addi, M. and Bouhrim, M. (2021) Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally to Manage Kidney Diseases in North-Eastern Morocco: Ethnobotanical Fieldwork and Pharmacological Evidence. Plants, 10, Article 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091966
[3]
Bencheikh, N., Radi, F.Z., Fakchich, J., Elbouzidi, A., Ouahhoud, S., Ouasti, M., Bouhrim, M., Ouasti, I., Hano, C. and Elachouri, M. (2023) Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Toxicological, and Pharmacological Properties of Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam.: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals, 16, Article 575.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16040575
[4]
Ribeiro, A., Serrano, R., da Silva, I.B.M., Gomes, E.T., Pinto, J.F. and Silva, O. (2023) The Genus Diospyros: A Review of Novel Insights into the Biological Activity and Species of Mozambican Flora. Plants, 12, Article 2833.
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152833
[5]
Belem-Kabré, W.L.M.E., Nitiéma, M., Odjo, S.B., Noura, M.O., Yaro, B., Kaboré, B., Somda, D.G., Traoré, T.K., Koala, M., Ilboudo, S., et al. (2023) Phytochemical Analysis and Contractile Effects of Aqueous and Hydroethanolic Extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica L.(Brassicaceae) on the Isolated Uterus of Mice. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 14, 252-270.
[6]
Heghes, S.C., Vostinaru, O., Rus, L.M., Mogosan, C., Iuga, C.A. and Filip, L. (2019) Antispasmodic Effect of Essential Oils and Their Constituents: A Review. Molecules, 24, Article 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091675
[7]
Attar, U. and Ghane, S. (2019) In vitro Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antiacetylcholine Esterase, Anticancer Activities and RP-HPLC Analysis of Phenolics from the Wild Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.). South African Journal of Botany, 125, 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.004
[8]
Abba, A., Agunu, A., Abubakar, A., Abubakar, U. and Jajere, M. (2016) Phytochemical Screening and Antiproliferative Effects of Methanol Extract of Stem Bark of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst (Ebenaceae) against Guinea Corn (Sorghum bicolor) Seeds Radicles Length. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9, 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v9i1.1
[9]
Shagal, M., Kubmarawa, D. and Alim, H. (2012) Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Roots, Stem-Bark and Leaves Extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis. International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 2, 11-15.
[10]
Oguche, M. and Nzelibe, H. (2016) In-vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous, n-Butanol and Ethylacetate Fractions of Leaf and Stem Bark Methanol Extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis on Plasmodium berghei berghei (Nk65) Infected Mice. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 12, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2016/21645
[11]
Mohamed, I.E., El Bushra, E., Choudhary, M.I. and Khan, S.N. (2009) Bioactive Natural Products from TWO SUDANESE MEDICINAL PLANts Diospyros mespiliformis and Croton zambesicus. Records of Natural Products, 3, 198-203.
[12]
Ouedraogo, W.R.C., Belemnaba, L., Nitiéma, M., Kaboré, B., Koala, M., Ouedraogo, S., Semde, R. and Ouedraogo, S. (2023) Phytochemical Study, Antioxidant and Vasodilatation Activities of Leafy Stem Extracts of Flemingia faginea Guill. & Perr. (Barker), A Medicinal Plant Used for the Traditional Treatment of Arterial Hypertension. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine, 7, Article ID: 100231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100231
[13]
Nitiéma, M., Soleti, R., Koffi, C., Belemnaba, L., Mallegol, P., Ouédraogo, N., Kini, F.B., Ouédraogo, S., Guissou, I.P. and Andriantsitohaina, R. (2019) Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Lannea microcarpa Engl. and K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Trunk Barks Corrects Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, Article ID: 9464608.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9464608
[14]
Nitiéma, M., Ilboudo, S., Belemnaba, L., Ouédraogo, G.G., Ouédraogo, S., Ouédraogo, N., Sylvin, O. and Guissou, I.P. (2018) Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies of Aqueous Decoction of the Trunk Barks from Lannea microcarpa Engl. and K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) in Rodents. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 30-42.
[15]
OCDE: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2001) Toxicité orale aigue—Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue. Lignes directrices 423 de l’OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwimmYbC_p2DAxXAT0EAHVJfDYwQFnoECAwQAQ&url= https%3A%2F%2Fntp.niehs.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ficcvam%2Fsuppdocs%2Ffeddocs%2Foecd%2Foecd_gl423.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2vMjpM5rJ1RzitVvtwOj-D&opi=89978449
[16]
Ouédraogo, W.R.C., Belemnaba, L., Nitiéma, M., Kaboré, B., Compaoré, S., Koala, M., Semdé, R. and Ouédraogo, S. (2023) Evaluation of Acute, Subacute Toxicity and in vivo Impact of Aqueous Decoction of Flemingia faginea Guill. & Perr. (Barker) Leafy Stems on NMRI Mice and Normotensive Wistar Rats. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 13, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i1.5819
[17]
Abdoul, G.L.B., Traore, A., Ouedraogo, M., Belemlilga, M., Traore, T.K., Belemnaba, L., Ouedraogo, N., Lupu, A., Ouedraogo, S. and Guissou, I.P. (2019) Pharmacological Study of Trunk Bark of Acacia nilotica var adansonii (Guill et Perr). o Ktze (Mimosaceae): Assays, Antioxidant and Antispasmodic Activities. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9, 524-530.
[18]
Rauf, A., Akram, M., Semwal, P., Mujawah, A.A., Muhammad, N., Riaz, Z., Munir, N., Piotrovsky, D., Vdovina, I. and Bouyahya, A. (2021) Antispasmodic Potential of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, Article ID: 4889719. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4889719
[19]
Ebbo, A., Mammam, M., Suleiman, M., Ahmed, A. and Bello, A. (2015) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Diospyros mespiliformis. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 4, 23-26.
[20]
Wink, M. (2015) Modes of Action of Herbal Medicines and Plant Secondary Metabolites. Medicines, 2, 251-286. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines2030251
[21]
Nafuka, S.N. and Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2014) Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Anti-Plasmodial Activity of Selected Ethnomedicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria Associated Symptoms in Northern Namibia. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 2, 78-93.
[22]
Joseph, N., Esther, N.L.T., Benoit, N.T., Désiré, D.D.P., Bibi-Farouck, A.O., Théophile, D. and Pierre, K. (2015) Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Pittosporum mannii Hook. f. (Pittosporaceae) Stem Barks on Spontaneous and Spasmogen-Induced Contractile Activity of Isolated Rat Duodenum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 172, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.047
[23]
Shahidi, F. and Ambigaipalan, P. (2015) Phenolics and Polyphenolics in Foods, Beverages and Spices: Antioxidant Activity and Health Effects—A Review. Journal of Functional Foods, 18, 820-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018
[24]
Singla, R.K., Dubey, A.K., Garg, A., Sharma, R.K., Fiorino, M., Ameen, S.M., Haddad, M.A. and Al-Hiary, M. (2019) Natural Polyphenols: Chemical Classification, Definition of Classes, Subcategories, and Structures. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 102, 1397-1400. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1397
[25]
Hegazy, A.K., Mohamed, A.A., Ali, S.I., Alghamdi, N.M., Abdel-Rahman, A.M. and Al-Sobeai, S. (2019) Chemical Ingredients and Antioxidant Activities of Underutilized Wild Fruits. Heliyon, 5, e01874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01874
[26]
Ebbo, A., Sani, D., Suleiman, M., Ahmad, A. and Hassan, A. (2022) Assessment of Antioxidant and Wound Healing Activity of the Crude Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. DC (Ebenaceae) and Its Fractions in Wistar Rats. South African Journal of Botany, 150, 305-312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.07.034
[27]
Bai, M., Yao, G.D., Ren, Q., Li, Q., Liu, Q.B., Zhang, Y., Wang, X.B., Huang, X.X. and Song, S.J. (2018) Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoids from Licorice Residues with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 125, 50-58.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.075
[28]
Heikkila, H., Maalouf, W. and Campello, G. (2021) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s Efforts to Strengthen a Culture of Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Prevention Science, 22, 18-28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01088-5
[29]
Ebbo, A., Sani, D., Suleiman, M., Ahmad, A. and Hassan, A. (2020) Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity Evaluation of the Crude Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. DC (Ebenaceae) and Its Fractions. Toxicology Reports, 7, 1138-1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.028
[30]
Tanahashi, Y., Komori, S., Matsuyama, H., Kitazawa, T. and Unno, T. (2021) Functions of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle: A Review of Studies with Receptor-Knockout Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020926
Russo, M., Coppola, V., Giannetti, E., Buonavolontà, R., Piscitelli, A. and Staiano, A. (2018) Oral Administration of Tannins and Flavonoids in Children with Acute Diarrhea: A Pilot, Randomized, Control-Case Study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44, Article No. 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0497-6
[33]
Hill-Eubanks, D.C., Werner, M.E., Heppner, T.J. and Nelson, M.T. (2011) Calcium Signaling in Smooth Muscle. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 3, a004549. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a004549
[34]
Khromov, A.S., Momotani, K., Jin, L., Artamonov, M.V., Shannon, J., Eto, M. and Somlyo, A.V. (2012) Molecular Mechanism of Telokin-Mediated Disinhibition of Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase and cAMP/cGMP-Induced Relaxation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 20975-20985.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.341479
