The purpose of this paper is to investigate the spatial interpolation of
rainfall variability with deterministic and geostatic inspections in the Prefecture
of Kilkis (Greece). The precipitation data where recorded from 12
meteorological stations in the Prefecture of Kilkis for 36 hydrological years
(1973-2008). The cumulative monthly values of rainfall were studied on an
annual and seasonal basis as well as during
the arid-dry season. In the deterministic tests, the I.D.W. and R.B.F. checks
were inspected, while in the geostatic tests, Ordinary Kriging and Universal
Kriging respectively. The selection of the optimum method was made based
on the least Root Mean Square Error (R.M.S.E.), as well as on the Mean Error
(M.E.), as assessed by the cross validation analysis. The geostatical Kriging
also considered the impact of isotropy and anisotropy across all time periods
of data collection. Moreover, for Universal Kriging, the study explored
spherical, exponential and Gaussian models in various combinations.
Geostatistical techniques consistently demonstrated greater reliability than
deterministic techniques across all time periods of data collection. Specifically,
during the annual period, anisotropy was the prevailing characteristic in
geostatistical techniques. Moreover, the results for the irrigation and
seasonal periods were generally comparable, with few exceptions where isotropic
methods yielded lower (R.M.S.E.) in some seasonal observations.
References
[1]
Thackeray, C.W., Hall, A., Norris, J. and Chen, D. (2022) Constraining the Increased Frequency of Global Precipitation Extremes under Warming. Nature Climate Change, 12, 441-448. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01329-1
[2]
Parry, M.L., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., Van Der Linden, P. and Hanson, C. (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 976.
[3]
Repapis, C., Metaxas, D. and Zerefos, C.S. (1978) Spatial and Seasonal Climatology of Sensible Heat Flux over the Mediterranean Sea. Univ. of Ioannina Tec. Report No. 138.
[4]
Luterbacher, J., et al. (2006) Chapter 1. Mediterranean Climate Variability over the Last Centuries: A Review. In: Lionello, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Boscolo, R., Eds., The Mediterranean Climate: An Overview of the Main Characteristics and Issues, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 27-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-9197(06)80003-0
[5]
Karpouzos, D., Kavalieratou, S. and Babajimopoulos, C. (2010) Trend Analysis of Precipitation Data in Pieria Region (Greece). European Water, 30, 31-40.
[6]
Myronidis, D., Stathis, D., Ioannou, K. and Fotakis, D. (2012) An Integration of Statistics Temporal Methods to Track the Effect of Drought in a Shallow Mediterranean Lake. Water Resources Management, 26, 4587-4605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0169-z
[7]
Dalezios, N. and Bartzokas, A. (1995) Daily Precipitation Variability in Semiarid Agricultural Regions in Macedonia. Greece. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 40, 569-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669509491445
[8]
Νastos, P. and Zerefos, C. (2010) Climate Change and Precipitation in Greece. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences, 45, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-25-45-2010
[9]
Κambezidis, H., Larissi, I., Nastos, P. and Paliatsos, A. (2010) Spatial Variability and Trends of the Rain Intensity over Greece. Copernicus Publications on Behalf of the European Geosciences Union. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-26-65-2010
[10]
Feidas, H., Noulopoulou, C., Makrogiannis, T. and Bora-Senta, E. (2007) Trend Analysis of Precipitation Time Series in Greece and Their Relationship with Circulation Using Surface and Satellite Data: 1955-2001. Theoritical and Applied Climatology, 87, 155-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-006-0200-5
[11]
Margaritidis, A. (2021) Site and Regional Trend Analysis of Precipitation in Central Macedonia, Greece. Computational Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering, 10, 49-70. https://doi.org/10.4236/cweee.2021.102004
[12]
Ranhao, S., Zhang, B. and Jing, T. (2008) A Multivariate Regression Model for Predicting Precipitation in the Daqing Mountains. Mountain Research and Development, 28, 318-325. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0944
[13]
Teegavarapu, R.S.V. (2009) Estimation of Missing Precipitation Records Integrating Surface Interpolation Techniques and Spatio-Temporal Association Rules. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 11, 133-146. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2009.009
[14]
Μargaritidis, A. and Karpouzos, D. (2015) Homogeneity of Rainfall Time Series Analysis in the Wider Area of Doiran Lake. Proceedings of the 9th Panhellenic Conference of the Society of Agricultural Engineers of Greece, Thessaloniki, 8-9 October 2015, 123-132. https://egme.gr/EGME_PRAKTIKA/PDFS/9_conference/EGME%209o%20proceedings.pdf
[15]
Kyriakidis, P., Jinwon, K. and Miller, N. (2001) Geostatistical Mapping of Precipitation from Rain Gauge Data Using Atmospheric and Terrain Characteristics. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 40, 1855-1877. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1855:GMOPFR>2.0.CO;2
[16]
Keblouti, M., Lahbassi, Q. and Hamouda, B. (2012) Spatial Interpolation of Annual Precipitation in Annaba-Algeria—Comparison and Evaluation of Methods. Energy Procedia, 18, 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.058
[17]
Goovaerts, P. (2000) Geostatistical Approaches for Incorporating Elevation into the Spatial Interpolation of Rainfall. Journal of Hydrology, 228, 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00144-X
[18]
Ikechukwu, M.N., Ebinne, E., Ufot, I. and Ndukwu, I.R. (2017) Accuracy Assessment and Comparative Analysis of IDW, Spline and Kriging in Spatial Interpolation of Landform (Topography): An Experimental Study. Computational Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering, 9, 354-371. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2017.93022
[19]
Stefanidis, S. and Stathis, D. (2018) Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Variability over the Mountainous Central Pindus (Greece). Climate, 6, Article No. 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6030075
[20]
Gofa, F., Mamara, A., Anadranistakis, M. and Flocas, E. (2019) Developing Gridded Climate Data Sets of Precipitation for Greece Based on Homogenized Time Series. Climate, 7, Article No. 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7050068
[21]
Prasad, M.S.G. and Susma, N. (2016) Spatial Prediction of Rainfall Using Universal Kriging Method: A Case Study of Mysuru District. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4, 1-4. https://www.ijert.org/spatial-prediction-of-rainfall-using-universal-kriging-method-a-case-study-of-mysuru-district
[22]
Philips, D., Dolph, J. and Marks, D. (1992) A Comparison of Geostatistical Procedures for Spatial Analysis of Precipitation in Mountainous Terrain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 58, 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90114-J
[23]
Guan, H., Wilson, J. and Makhin, O. (2005) Geostatistical Mapping of Mountain Precipitation Incorporating Autosearched Effects of Terrain and Climatic Characteristics. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, 1018-1031. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM448.1
[24]
Ijaz, H., Gunter, S., Pilz, J. and Yu, H.L. (2010) Spatio-Temporal Interpolation of Precipitation during Monsoon Periods in Pakistan. Advances in Water Resources, 33, 880-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.04.018
[25]
Javari, M. (2017) Geostatistical Modeling to Simulate Daily Rainfall Variability in Iran. Cogent Geoscience, 3, Article 1416877. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312041.2017.1416877
[26]
Bernardi, M.S., Carey, M., Ramsay, J.O. and Sangalli, L.M. (2018) Modeling Spatial Anisotropy via Regression with Partial Differential Regularization. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 167, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2018.03.014
[27]
Wu, H. and Xu, C. (2013) Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods for Precipitation in Ningxia, China. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2, 181-184. https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v2i8/MDIwMTMyMTQ=.pdf
[28]
Cressie, N.A.C. (1993) Statistics for Spatial Data. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley, Hoboken. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119115151
[29]
Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R. (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems.
[30]
ESRI Inc., “ArcGIS Help 10,” ESRI Inc., Redlands.
[31]
Hartkamp, A.D., Kirsten, D.B., Stein, A. and White, J.W. (1999) Interpolation Techniques for Climate Variables. Natural Resources Group. https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00077518/00001/1j
