Professors Mohazzbi and Luo [1] published “Despite several attempts have been made to explain the twin paradox … none of the explanations … resolved the paradox. If the paradox can be ever resolved, it requires a much deeper understanding … of the theory of relativity”. The deeper understanding of resolving the paradox is by applying more explicit definitions of proper time interval, Lorentz transform, time dilation, and aging time.
References
[1]
Mohazzbi, P. and Luo, Q.H. (2021) Has the Twin Paradox Really Been Resolved? Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 9, 2187-2192. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2021.99138
[2]
Lieber, L.R. (1936) The Einstein Theory of Relativity. Rinehart and Company, Inc., New York, 19, 77, 225, 262.
[3]
Suskind, L. and Cabannes, A. (2023) General Relativty. Basic Books, New York, 136, 139, 165, 169.
[4]
Eddington, A.S. (1957) The Mathematical Theory of Relativity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 22, 85, 87.