The expression and clinical significance of relevant cytokines in otitis media (OM) are discussed, and the alterations to the pathological state of the otitis media mucosa are further understood through the study of cytokine transduction pathways. More and more studies have shown that relevant cell proliferation and inflammation progression pathways play a role in the development of otitis media, such as the Jun amino-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway, which are involved in the proliferation of the middle ear mucosa during otitis media, which affects the mucosal cilia, motor function, Eustachian tube function, and the mucosal ciliary function. These studies provide new ideas for the treatment of otitis media and further explore the feasibility of immunotherapy in the future treatment of otitis media. In this paper, we present a review of the latest research progress on the expression of various cytokines in otitis media.
References
[1]
Noel, J., Suzukawa, K., Chavez, E., et al. (2020) A Kinase Inhibitor Screen Identifies Signaling Pathways Regulating Mucosal Growth during Otitis Media. PLOS ONE, 15, e0235634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235634
[2]
Liu, Z.D., Peng, F.S., Yan, M.S., et al. (2019) Incidence and Disease Burden of Otitis Media in China, 1990-2019. Modern Medicine, 51, 1312-1319.
[3]
Chen, Y. (1995) Smoking Environment (ETS) and Otitis Media. Foreign Medicine. Journal of Otolaryngology, No. 3, 172-173.
[4]
Lee, H.M., Son, Y.S., Kim, H.S., et al. (2023) Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Mucosa of Rats. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, 16, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.21053/ceo.2023.00227
[5]
Machogu, E. and Gaston, B. (2021) Respiratory Distress in the Newborn with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Children (Basel), 8, Article No. 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020153
[6]
Murgasova, L., Jurovcik, M., Jesina, P., et al. (2020) Otorhinolaryngological Manifestations in 61 Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 135, Article ID: 110137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110137
[7]
Gu, Q.J. (2003) Research Progress on Pathological Changes of Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Mucosa in Chronic Otitis Media. Journal of Audiology and Speech Disorders, No. 2, 144-146.
[8]
Abdel-Razek, O., Audlin, J., Poe, D.S. and Wang, G. (2022) Surfactant Proteins and Innate Immunity of Otitis Media. Innate Immun, 28, 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/17534259221123309
[9]
Padurariu, S., Röösli, C., Røge, R., et al. (2019) On the Functional Compartmentalization of the Normal Middle Ear. Morpho-Histological Modelling Parameters of Its Mucosa. Hearing Research, 378, 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.023
[10]
Lim, D.J., Chun, Y.M., Lee, H.Y., et al. (2000) Cell Biology of Tubotympanum in Relation to Pathogenesis of Otitis Media—A Review. Vaccine, 19, S17-S25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00273-5
[11]
Song, C.I., Hong, H.R. and Yoon, T.H. (2016) Influence of Middle Ear Mucosal Condition on Post-Tympanoplasty Audiologic Outcome. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 273, 581-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-015-3590-0
[12]
Lee, H.H., Chin, A., Pak, K., Wasserman, S.I., Kurabi, A. and Ryan, A.F. (2020) Role of the PI3K/AKT Pathway and PTEN in Otitis Media. Experimental Cell Research, 387, Article ID: 111758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111758
[13]
Palacios, S.D., Pak, K., Rivkin, A.Z., et al. (2004) Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Middle Ear Mucosa Hyperplasia during Bacterial Otitis Media. Infection and Immunity, 72, 4662-4667. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.8.4662-4667.2004
[14]
Furukawa, M., Ebmeyer, J., Pak, K., et al. (2007) Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase Enhances Middle Ear Mucosal Proliferation during Bacterial Otitis Media. Infection and Immunity, 75, 2562-2571. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01656-06
[15]
Suzukawa, K., Tomlin, J., Pak, K., et al. (2014) A Mouse Model of Otitis Media Identifies HB-EGF as a Mediator of Inflammation-Induced Mucosal Proliferation. PLOS ONE, 9, e102739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102739
[16]
Sakamoto, T., Pak, K., Chavez, E., Ryan, A.F. and Kurabi, A. (2022) HB-EGF Plays a Pivotal Role in Mucosal Hyperplasia during Otitis Media Induced by a Viral Analog. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, Article ID: 823714. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.823714
[17]
Ishizuka, E.K., Filgueiras, L.R., Rios, F.J., Serezani, C.H. and Jancar, S. (2016) PAFR Activation of NF-κB p65 or p105 Precursor Dictates Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Responses during TLR Activation in Murine Macrophages. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 32092. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32092
[18]
Cho, C.G., Pak, K., Webster, N., Kurabi, A. and Ryan, A.F. (2016) Both Canonical and Non-Canonical NF-κB Activation Contribute to the Proliferative Response of the Middle Ear Mucosa during Bacterial Infection. Innate Immunity, 22, 626-634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753425916668581
[19]
Fransson, M., Adner, M., Erjefält, J., Jansson, L., Uddman, R. and Cardell, L.O. (2005) Up-Regulation of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 3 and 4 in Allergic Rhinitis. Respiratory Research, 6, Article No. 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-6-100
[20]
Jung, S.Y., Kim, D., Park, D.C., et al. (2021) Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article No. 7868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157868
[21]
Bakaletz, L.O. (2010) Immunopathogenesis of Polymicrobial Otitis Media. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 87, 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0709518
[22]
Wang, X., Zhao, C., Ji, W., Xu, Y. and Guo, H. (2015) Relationship of TLR2, TLR4 and Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 8, 1199-1212.
[23]
Hauber, H.P., Tulic, M.K., Tsicopoulos, A., et al. (2005) Toll-Like Receptors 4 and 2 Expression in the Bronchial Mucosa of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 12, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2005/648984
[24]
Bellussi, L.M., Vindigni, C., Cocca, S., et al. (2017) High-Mobility Group Box Protein 1 Expression in Inflammatory Diseases of the Middle Ear. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 30, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0394632017698713
[25]
Abdel-Razek, O., Ni, L., Yang, F. and Wang, G. (2019) Innate Immunity of Surfactant Protein A in Experimental Otitis Media. Innate Immunity, 25, 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753425919866006
[26]
Abdel-Razek, O., Liu, T., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Vanga, G. and Wang, G. (2021) Role of Surfactant Protein D in Experimental Otitis Media. Journal of Innate Immunity, 13, 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513605
[27]
Li, L., Guo, X., Olszewski, E., et al. (2015) Expression of Surfactant Protein-A during LPS-Induced Otitis Media with Effusion in Mice. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, 153, 433-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599815587699
[28]
Pettigrew, M.M., Gent, J.F., Zhu, Y., et al. (2006) Association of Surfactant Protein A Polymorphisms with Otitis Media in Infants at Risk for Asthma. BMC Medical Genomics, 7, Article No. 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-7-68
[29]
Li, G., Chen, T., Mao, Y., et al. (2023) Surfactant Protein A Can Affect the Surface Tension of the Eustachian Tube and Macrophage Migration. Laryngoscope, 133, 1726-1733. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.30396
[30]
Yu, G.H., Kim, H.B., Ko, S.H., et al. (2018) Expression of Surfactant Protein-A in the Haemophilus influenzae-Induced Otitis Media in a Rat Model. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 112, 61-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.06.030
