Background: Inadequate antenatal care, both in coverage and standard, has been
linked with poor pregnancy outcomes. In a resource poor setting, home delivery
is considered very cheap, but the possible outcome of such pregnancies has been
a subject of interest. This study evaluated the association of booking status
with pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: To examine the factors that
influence booking and impact of the booking status on pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective cohort study of 240 (120 booked and 120
un-booked) pregnant mothers selected through systematic random sampling. The
study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex
Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria. Chi-square
test, t-test and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 30.39±5.05
years and 29.05±6.36 years respectively for
the booked and unbooked. Marital status (OR = 6.35, 95% CI = 1.24-32.59), educational status (OR = 36.40, 95% CI =
5.26-152.83), place of residence (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.06-0.41), partner’s support (OR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01-0.37), family support (OR = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.01-
References
[1]
Mundhra, R., Singh, A.S., Agarwal, M. and Kumar, R. (2013) Utilization of Ante-Natal Care and Its Influence on Feto-Maternal Outcome: A Tertiary Care Experience. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2, 600-606. https://doi.org/10.5455/2320-1770.ijrcog20131222
[2]
Moller, A.B., Petzold, M., Chou, D. and Say, L. (2017) Early Antenatal Visit: A Systematic Analysis of Regional and Global Levels and Trends of Coverage from 1990 to 2013. The Lancet Global Health, 5, E977-E983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30325-X
[3]
Tuncalp, O., Were, W.M., MacLennan, C., Oladapo, O.T., Gulmezoglu, A.M., Bahl, R., et al. (2015) Quality of Care for Pregnant Women and Newborn—The WHO Vision. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 122, 1045-1049.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13451
[4]
Arthur, E. (2012) Wealth and Ante-Natal Care Use: Implications for Maternal Health Care Utilization in Ghana. Health Economics Review, 2, Article No. 14.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-1991-2-14
[5]
Serbanescu, F., Goodwin, M.M., Binzen, S., Morof, D., Asiimwe, A.R., Kelly, L., et al. (2019) Addressing the First Delay in Saving Mothers, Giving Life Districts in Uganda and Zambia: Approaches and Results for Increasing Demand for Facility Delivery Services. Global Health: Science and Practice, 7, S48-S67.
https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-18-00343
[6]
Ajayi, I.O. and Osakinle, D.C. (2013) Socio-Demographic Factors Determining the Adequacy of Ante-Natal Care among Pregnant Women Visiting Ekiti State Primary Health Centers. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 12, 1-6.
[7]
Envuladu, E.A., Agbo, H.A., Lassa, S., Kigbu, J.H. and Zoakah, A.I. (2013) Factors Determining the Choice of a Place of Delivery among Pregnant Women in Russia Village of Jos North, Nigeria: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, 2, 23-27.
https://doi.org/10.14194/ijmbr.215
[8]
Chepchirchir, M.V., Nyamari, J. and Keraka, M. (2017) Associated Factors with Puerperal Sepsis among Reproductive Age Women in Nandi County, Kenya. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 5, 1032-1040.
[9]
Sharma, V., Brown, W., Kainuwa, M.A., Leight, J. and Nyqvist, M.B. (2017) High Maternal Mortality in Jigawa State, Nothern Nigeria Estimated Using the Sisterhood Method. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17, Article No. 163.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1341-5
[10]
WHO (2014) World Health Statistics 2014. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[11]
Olonade, O., Olawande, T.I., Alabi, O.J. and Imhonopi, D. (2019) Maternal Mortality and Maternal Health Care in Nigeria: Implications for Socioeconomic Development. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Science, 7, 849-855.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.041
[12]
Kuhnt, J. and Vollmer, S. (2017) Antenatal Care Services and Its Implications for Vital and Health Outcomes of Children: Evidence from 193 Surveys in 69 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. BMJ Open, 7, e017122.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017122
[13]
Miltenburg, A.S., van der Eem, L., Nyanza, E.C., van Pelt, S., Ndaki, P., Basinda, N., et al. (2017) Antenatal Care and Opportunities for Quality Improvement of Service Provision in Resource-Limited Settings: A Mixed Methods Study. PLOS ONE, 12, e0188279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188279
[14]
Iklaki, C.U., Inaku, J.U., EKabua, E.J., Ekanem, E.I. and Udo, A.E. (2012) Peri-Natal Outcome in Un-Booked Teenage Pregnancy in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012, Article ID: 246983.
https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/246983
[15]
Sageer, R., Kongnyuy, E., Adebimpe, W.O., Omosehin, O., Ogunsola, E.A. and Sanni, B. (2019) Causes and Contributory Factors of Maternal Mortality: Evidence from Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, Article No. 63.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2202-1
[16]
Onwube, O.C. and Nzeribe, E.A. (2017) Outcome of Un-Booked Pregnancies at the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. IBOM Medical Journal, 10, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v10i1.139
[17]
Fagbamigbe, A.F. and Idemudia, E.S. (2016) Wealth and Antenatal Care Utilization in Nigeria: Policy Implications. Healthcare for Women International, 38, 17-37.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2016.1225743
[18]
Roy, M.P., Mohan, U., Singh, S.K., Singh, V.K. and Srivastava, A.K. (2013) Determinants of Utilization of Ante-Natal Care Services in Rural Lucknow, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2, 55-59.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.109946
[19]
Goyal, R.C. (2013) Research Methodology for Health Professionals Including Proposal, Thesis and Article Writing. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
[20]
World Health Organization (2016) Health Statistics and Information Systems: Maternal Mortality Ratio (Per 100, 000 Live Births).
[21]
Fabamwo, A., Akinola, D. and Mojoyinola, O. (2009) The Tragic Consequences of Unsupervised Pregnancies among Patients Referred to a Tertiary Maternity Unit in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7, 1-10.
http://ispub.com/IJTM/7/1/12195
https://doi.org/10.5580/23d1
[22]
Sodje, J.D.K. and Ande, A.A.B. (2016) Sociodemographic Characteristics of Booked and Un-Booked Women at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, 15, 109-120.
[23]
Shittu, M.A. and Ekwempu, C.C. (2012) Factors Influencing Utilization of Delivery Services at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) Jos. Sahel Medical Journal, 15, 36-40.
[24]
Adedokun, S.T. and Uthman, O.A. (2019) Women Who Have Not Utilized Services for Delivery in Nigeria: Who Are They and Where Do They Live? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, Article No. 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2242-6
[25]
Emelumadu, O.F., Onyeonoro, U.U., Ukegbu, A.U., Ezeana, N.N., Ifeadike, C.O. and Okezie, O.K. (2014) Perception of Quality of Maternal Healthcare Services among Women Utilizing Ante-Natal Care Services in Selected Primary Health Facilities in Anambra State, South-East. Nigeria. Nigeria Medical Journal, 53, 148-155.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0300-1652.129653
[26]
Njiku, F., Wella, H.L., Sariah, A. and Protas, J. (2017) Prevalence and Factors Associated with Late Antenatal Care Visits among Pregnant Women in Lushoto, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Heath Research, 19.
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i3.4
[27]
Getachew, T., Abajobir, A.A. and Aychiluhim, M. (2014) Focused Ante-Natal Care Service Utilization and Associated Factors in Dejen and Aneded Districts, North-West Ethiopia. Primary Health Care, 4, Article ID: 1000170.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1079.1000170
[28]
Marsland, H., Meza, G., de Wildt, G. and Jones, L. (2019) A Qualitative Exploration of Women’s Experiences of Antenatal and Intra-Partum Care: The Need for a Woman-Centered Approach in the Peruvian Amazon. PLOS ONE, 14, e0209736.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209736
[29]
Fagbamigbe, A.F. and Idemudia, E.S. (2015) Assessment of Quality of Ante-Natal Care Services in Nigeria: Evidence form a Population Study. Reproductive Health, 12, Article No. 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0081-0
[30]
Joshi, C., Torvaldsen, S., Hodgson, R. and Hayen, A. (2014) Factors Associated with the Use and Quality of Ante-Natal Care In Nepal: A Population-Based Study Using the Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, Article No. 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-94
[31]
Osungbade, K., Shaahu, V.N. and Uchendu, O.C. (2011) Clinical Audit of Ante-Natal Care Service Provisionin Nigeria. Health Care Women International, 32, 441-452.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2010.517878
[32]
Olarinoye, A.O., Adesina, K.T., Aderibigbe, S.A., Akande, T.M. and Fawole, A.A. (2018) Sociodemographic Characteristics and Pregnancy Outcome of Referred and Booked Parturients in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Medical Journal of Zambia, 45, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.45.1.158
[33]
Nsibu, C.N., Manianga, C., Kapanga, S., Mona, E., Pululu, P. and Aloni, M.N. (2016) Determinants of Antenatal Care Attendance among Pregnant Women Living in Endemic Malaria Settings: Experience from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 2016, Article ID: 5423413.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5423413
[34]
Muhwava, L.S., Morojele, N. and London, L. (2016) Psychosocial Factors Associated with Early Initiation and Frequency of Ante-Natal Care Visits in Rural and Urban Settings in South-Africa: A Cross-Sectional Survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, Article No. 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0807-1
[35]
Wolde, H.F., Tsegaye, A.T. and Sisay, M.M. (2019) Late Initiation of Antenatal Care and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Addis Zemen Primary Hospita, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Reproductive Health, 16, Article No. 73.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0745-2
[36]
Nketiah-Amponsah, E., Senadza, B. and Athor, E. (2013) Determinants of Utilization of Ante-Natal Care Services in Developing Countries. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 4, 58-73.
https://doi.org/10.1108/20400701311303159
[37]
Dahiru, T. and Oche, O.M. (2015) Determinants of Antenatal Care, Institutional Delivery and Postnatal Care Service Utilization in Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 21, Article 321. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.21.321.6527
[38]
Kaswa, R., Rupesinghe, G.F.D. and Longo-Mbenza, B. (2018) Exploring the Pregnant Women’s Perspective of Late Booking of Antenatal Care Services at Mbekweni Health Center in Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 10, a1300. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1300
[39]
Mensah, J., Oppong, J.R. and Schmidt, C.M. (2010) Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme in the Context of the Health MDGs: An Empirical Evaluation Using Propensity Score Matching. Journal of Health Economics, 19, 95-106.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1633
[40]
Oraekwe, O.I. (2018) Appraisal of Maternal Outcome of Twin Gestation. Saudi Journal of Health Science, 7, 163-166. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_45_18
[41]
Pokharel, H.P., Lama, G.J., Banerjee, B., Paudel, L.S. and Pokharel, P.K. (2007) Maternal and Peri-Natal Outcome among the Booked and Un-Booked Pregnancies form Catchment Area of BP KoiralaInstitute of Health Sciences, Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5, 173-176.
[42]
Owolabi, A.T., Fatusi, A.O., Kuti, O., Adeyemi, A., Faturosi, S.O. and Obiajunwa, P.O. (2008) Maternal Complication and Peri-Natal Outcomes in Booked and Un-Booked Nigerian Mothers at Wesley Guild Hospital, Nigeria (OAUTH). Singapore Medical Journal, 49, 536-530.
[43]
Eli, S., Orji, V., Abam, D.S. and Ikimalo, J. (2016) Peri-Natal Outcome among Un-Booked Patients following Caesarean Section. Gazette of Medicine, 2, 421-426.
[44]
Akambi, B.J. and Renzaho, A.M. (2019) Perinatal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. Annals of Global Health, 85, Article 106. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2348
[45]
Eshete, A., Alemu, A. and Zerfu, T.A. (2019) Magnitude and Risk of Dying among Low Birth Weight Neonates in Rural Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2019, Article ID: 9034952.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9034952
[46]
Ghimire, P.R., Agho, K.E., Renzaho, A.M.N., Nisha, M.K., Dibley, M. and Raynes-Greenow, C. (2019) Factors Associated with Perinatal Mortality in Nepal: Evidence from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2016. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, Article No. 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2234-6
