This paper analyzes the effects of agricultural investment on poverty in
rural areas Congo over the period 1989 to 2019, focusing on a monetary approach
(income or consumption expenditure). The results obtained from this study
through the Autoregressive Lagged Model (ARDL) showed that agricultural investment
has a positive and significant influence on poverty in the short and long term
in Congo. As in most developing countries, the majority of the population lives
in rural areas, and derives its income from agricultural activities. For this
reason, the development of agricultural investment could be one of the
essential ways of eradicating poverty in rural areas.
References
[1]
Abebaw, D., & Haile, M. G. (2013). The Impact of Cooperatives on Agricultural Technology Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia. Food Policy, 38, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.10.003
[2]
Adams, D. W., & Von Pischke, J. D. (1992). Microenterprise Credit Programs: Déjà vu. World Development, 20, 1463-1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90066-5
[3]
Adebayo, J. et al. (2020). Debugging Tests for Model Explanations. arXiv:2011.05429, 2020
[4]
Akinkunmi, M. A. (2017). Analysis of Access to Credit and Agriculture Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2, 160-164. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20170206.11
[5]
Annim, S. K., Dasmani, I., & Armah, M. K. (2011). Does Access and Use of Financial Service Smoothen Household Food Consumption? Does Access and Use of Financial Service Smoothen Household Food Consumption? Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 52-86. https://journal.ucc.edu.gh/index.php/ojoss/article/view/596
[6]
Arndt, C., Jones, S., & Tarp, F. (2015). Assessing Foreign Aid’s Longrun Contribution to Growth and Development. World Development, 69, 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.016
[7]
Aziz, S., & Lilti J.-J. (2017). Bank Deregulation, Consolidation and Stability: Evidence on U.S. M&A Centric Activity. Finance, 38, 85-128. https://doi.org/10.3917/fina.381.0085
[8]
Badouin, R. (1971). L’économie rurale. Collection Dunod.
[9]
Barro, J. R. (1990). Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogeneous Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1086/261726
[10]
Boone, P. (1994) The Impact of Forgein Aid Saving and Growth. Center Enomic Performance Working Paper, No. 677, London School of Economics.
[11]
Cuong, N., Bigman, D., Van den Berg, M., & Vu, T. (2007). Impact of Micro-Credit on Poverty and Inequality: The Case of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies. MPRA Paper 54154, University Library of Munich.
[12]
Dazoué, D. G. P. (2015). Effectiveness of International Solidarity in North-South Cooperation Cooperation: An Analysis Based on the Impact of Official Cooperation on Cameroon Economic Growth. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: B Economics and Commerce, 15, 1-10.
[13]
Diamoutene, A. (2018). Access to Agricultural Credit and Agricultural Performance in the Office du Niger Zone, the Case of Rice Cultivation. Annales de l’Université Marien N’GOUABI, 2, 114-125.
[14]
Dubois, J.-L. (1999). Poverty and Inequality: Situation and Reduction Policies. In Review and Appraisal of the Implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (1994): Contribution of France (pp. 39-50). Ministry of Employment and Solidarity.
[15]
Elakkad, R. M., & Hussein, A. M. (2021). The Effect of Official Development Assistance on Domestic Savings and Economic Growth in Egypt. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 13, 33-41. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240247491 https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n12p33
[16]
Fan, S. G., & Zhang, X. (2004). Infrastructure and Regional Economic Development in Rural China. China Economic Review, 15, 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2004.03.001
[17]
Fan, S., Hazell, P., & Thorat, S. K. (2000). Government Spending, Agricultural Growth and Poverty in Rural India. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82, 1038-1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00101
[18]
FAO (2018). End Poverty and Hunger through Investment in Agriculture and Rural Areas.
[19]
Gomane, K. et al. (2003). Searching for Aid Threshold Effects: Aid, Growth and the Welfare of the Poor. CREDIT Research Paper 02/05, Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham.
[20]
Griffith, R. M. (1999). Reforming the Body, by Philip A. Mellor and Chris Shilling. London: Sage Publications, 234 pp. $75.00, $26.95 (pbk). Sociology of Religion, 60, 200-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711750
[21]
Grootaert, C. (1996, 2018). Economic Reforms and Poverty Analysis: The Experience of Ivory Coast. Editions l’Harmattan.
[22]
Henry, M. K., Crispin, M. B., & Kapemba, M. (2018). Impact de l’accès au crédit intrant sur les performances des exploitations agricoles de Banza-ngungu. Editions universitaires europeennes.
[23]
Jayne, T. et al. (2017). The Future of Work in African Agriculture: Trends and Drivers of Change. Working Paper No. 25.
[24]
Kamdem, U. (2019). Financial Development and Poverty in Cameroon: What Are the Challenges for Emergence? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338502333_Development_et_ pauvrete_au_Cameroun_Quels_enjeux_pour_l'emergence
[25]
Kanbur, R. (1990). Poverty and the Social Dimensions of Structural Adjustment in Côte d’Ivoire (pp. 59-60). IBRD (05)/S6/No.2/FRE, World Bank.
[26]
Kouako, J. M. et al. (2017). The Effects of the Growth of the Agricultural Sector on Poverty Reduction in Congo. Annals of Marien Ngouabi University, 17, 92-105.
[27]
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45, 1-28.
[28]
Lawrence, P., &Thirtle, C. (Eds.) (2001). Africa and Asia in Comparative Economic Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
[29]
Lilala, B. M. (2019). Impact of Agricultural Projects Co-Financed by Development Aid Partners on Household Poverty in the Territoire de l’Isangi, DR Congo: Predictive Factor and Trajectory Construction. Moroccan Journal of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, 7, 191-202.
[30]
Lilala, B. M., Bolakonga Ilye, A. B., & Benabdellah, M. (2019). Impact of Agricultural Projectsco-Financed by Development aid partners on Household Poverty in Isangi Territory, DR Congo: Predictive Factor and Trajectory Construction. Marrocco Review of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, 7, 191-202.
[31]
Ma, W., Abdulai, A., & Ma, C. (2018) The Effects of Off-Farm Work on Fertilizer and Pesticide Expenditures in China. Review of Development Economics, 22, 573-591. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12354
[32]
Mahembe, E. et al. (2019). Foreign Aid and Poverty Reduction: A Review of International Literature. Cogent Social Sciences, 5, Article 1625741. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1625741
[33]
Mahjabeen, R. (2008). Microfinance in Bangladesh: Impact on Households, Consumption and Welfare. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30, 1083-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.12.007
[34]
Mellor, J. W. (1976). The New Economics of Growth—A Strategy for India and the Developing World. Cornell University Press.
[35]
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
[36]
Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75, 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
[37]
PNIASAN (2017-2021). Plan National d’Investissements Agricoles et de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle.
[38]
Ravallion, M. et al. (2004). Product of the Poverty Team Work Bank Policy Research. Working Paper; Page 3242.
[39]
Rosenstein-Rodan, P. (1943). Problems of Industrialization of Eastern and South Eastern Europe. The Economic Journal, 53, 202-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/2226317
[40]
Saliga, F., & Alinsato, A. (2021). Analysis of Household Food Security in the Borgou Department. Republic of Benin.
[41]
Sen, A. (1998). Editorial: Human Capital and Human Capability. World Development, 25, 1959-1961. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10014-6
[42]
Thiam, I. (2020). My Part of the Truth; Tongue. Ella Editions.
[43]
Thirtle, C., Lin, L., & Piesse, J. (2003). The Impact of Research-Led Agricultural Productivity Growth on Poverty Reduction in Africa, Asia and Latin America. World Development, 31, 959-1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.07.001
[44]
Twumasi, M. A., Jiang, Y., & Acheampong, M. O. (2018). Capital and Credit Constraints in the Engagement of Youth in Ghanaian Agriculture. Agriculture finance Review, 80, 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-11-2018-0100
[45]
Twumasi, M. A., Jiang, Y., & Danquah, F. O. (2019). The Role of Savings Mobilization on Access to Credit: A Case Study of Smallholder Farmers in Ghana Access to Credit. Agriculture Finance Review, 80, 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-05-2019-0055
