Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters by heavy metals and pesticides. Method: To this end, data were collected in December 2022 from four specific sampling stations: Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro. Levels of heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead, were measured and subjected to in-depth statistical analysis using graphical summation models. In addition, the concentrations of pesticide active ingredients present in the samples were interpreted and evaluated. The statistical data collected during this study were processed using R software, version 3.5.0. Results: The values obtained at the different stations Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro are respectively Arsenic (2 × 10-4 mg/L; 2.2 × 10-1 mg/L; 1.2 × 10-4 mg/L; 2 × 10-4 mg/L), Cadmium (4.4 × 10-5 mg/L; 1.1 × 10-2 mg/L; 10-4 mg/L; 4 × 10-4 mg/L). Then Copper (7 × 10-4 mg/L; 3 × 10-3 mg/L; 7 × 10-4 mg/L; 1 × 10-4 mg/L), Iron (1.51 mg/L; 6.4 × 10-1 mg/L; 2.0012 mg/L; 2.9 × 10-1 mg/L), Lead (0 mg/L; 0 mg/L; 1.5 × 10-3 mg/L; 1.5 × 10-3 mg/L). Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead) were all below the guideline standards set by the WHO in 2006 for uncontaminated surface waters. This indicates that the surface waters of the Upper Ouémé were below acceptable contamination thresholds in terms of heavy metals. However, the presence of pesticide active ingredients such as cyfluthrin, endosulfan-alpha, endosulfan-beta, profenosfos, tihan, atrazine, gala super and glycel clearly indicates that these surface waters are subject to agricultural contamination.
References
[1]
[1]Adjagodo, A., Kelomè, N.C., Vissin, E.W. and Agbossou, E. (2017) Physical and Bacteriological Pollution of River Water in the Lower Ouémé Valley during Periods of Low and High Water in Benin. European Scientific Journal, 13, 167-186.
[2]
Zeghaba, N., Laraba, A. and Mahia, M. (2018) Quality of Raw Water from the Hammam Debagh Dam, Wilaya of Guelma (North-East Algeria). Summary: Journal of Science and Technology, 37, 113-121.
[3]
Diop, T., Diarra, A., Diallo, M.A., Dione, M.M. and Diop, A. (2022) Impact of an Urban Landfill on Metal Contamination of Soils: Case of the Mbeubeuss Landfill (Dakar). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 16, 2992-3002. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i6.41
[4]
Chouti, W.K., Adanve, M. and Mama, D. (2018) Dosage of Lead and Zinc in Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) and Nightshade (Solanum macrocarpon) Crops: Case of Some Market Gardening Sites in Porto-Novo. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 12, 2381-2395. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i5.36
[5]
Serra, A.-A., Alberto, D., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G. and Couée, I. (2016) Implications of Peri-Agricultural Plant Communities in the Environmental Dynamics of Pesticide Pollution. Journal of Ecology, Earth and Life, 71, 203-221. https://doi.org/10.3406/revec.2016.1846
[6]
Lawani, A.N., Kelome, N.C., Tchibozo, M.A.D., Hounkpe, J.B. and Adjagodo, A. (2017) Effects of Agricultural Practices on the Pollution of Surface Water in Benin Republic. LARHYSS Journal, 30, 173-190.
[7]
Akpo, S.K., Coulibaly, L.S., Coulibaly, L. and Savane, I. (2016) Temporal Evolution of the Pesticide Use in Tropical Agriculture in the Marahoué Watershed, Cote D’Ivoire. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 14, 121-131.
[8]
Le Bars, M., Sidibe, F., Mandart, E., Fabre, J., Le, Grusse, P. and Diakite, C.H. (2020) Assessment of Risks Linked to the Use of Pesticides in Cotton Cultivation in Mali. Agriculture Notebooks, 29, Article No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020005
[9]
Soro, G., Koffi, N.M., Kone, B., Kouakou, Y.E., M’bra, K.R., Soro, P.D. and Soro, N. (2018) Use of Phytosanitary Products in Market Gardening around the Drinking Water Supply Dam in the Town of Korhogo (Northern Ivory Coast): Risks for Public Health. Environment, Risks & Health, 17, 155-163.
[10]
Guettaf, M. (2015) Hydrochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Environmental Pollution Indicators: Case of the Seybouse Wadi and Its Tributaries in the Guelma Sub-Basin (North-East Algeria). Doctoral Thesis, University of Guelma, Guelma, 196 p.
[11]
Adjagodo, A., Tchibozo, M.A.D., Kelome, N.C. and Lawani, R. (2016) Flow of Pollutants Linked to Anthropogenic Activities, Risks on Surface Water Resources and the Trophic Chain throughout the World: Bibliographic Summary. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 10, 1459-1472. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v10i3.43
[12]
Samake, F., Babana, A.H., Yaro, F.K., Cisse, D., Traore, I., Kante, F., Kone, S., Diallo, A., Toure, H. and Toure, O. (2011) Health Risks Linked to the Consumption of Market Garden Products Grown in the Urban and Peri-Urban Area of Bamako. Mali Public Health, 1, 27-31.
[13]
Gouda, A.-I., Toko, Imorou, I., Salami, S.-D., Richert, M., Scippo, M.-L., Kestemont, P. and Schiffers, B. (2018) Phytosanitary Practices and Level of Exposure to Pesticides of Cotton Producers in Northern Benin. Agriculture Notebooks, 27, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018038
[14]
Ouedraogo, I., Defourny, P. and Vanclooster, M. (2016) Mapping the Groundwater Vulnerability for Pollution at the Pan African Scale. Science of the Total Environment, 544, 939-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.135
[15]
Aikpo, F.H., Deguenon, Y.A., Agbandji, L., Houssou, C.S. and Edorh, P.A. (2017) Study of the Variation in the Content of Pesticide Residues in Water and Tilapia (Tilapia guineensis) of the Couffo River in the Cotton Basin of the Commune of Djidja, Benin. Africa SCIENCE, 13, 87-96.
[16]
Sanou, Y., Tiendrebeogo, R. and Pare, S. (2020) Development of a Pilot for the Treatment of Borehole Water Contaminated by Arsenic for Application in Rural Areas in Burkina Faso. Journal of the West African Society of Chemistry, 49, 22-30.
[17]
Konan, K.S., Kouamé, K.B., Konan, F.K., Boussou, K.C. and Kouakou, K.L. (2021) Pollution of Water for Domestic Use by Metallic Trace Elements from Anthropogenic Activities: Case of the Sub-Watershed of the Sassandra River Upstream of the Buyo Dam, Ivory Coast. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 384, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-85-2021
[18]
El Hachimi, M.L., Fekhaoui, M., El Abidi, A. and Rhoujatti, A. (2014) Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals from Abandoned Mines: The Case of the Aouli-Mibladen-Zeida Mines in Morocco. Agriculture Notebooks, 23, 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2014.0702
[19]
Adam, S., Edorh, P.A., Totin, H., Koumolou, L., Amoussou, E., Aklikokou, K. and Boko, M. (2010) Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water, Soils and Sediments in the Cotton Belt of Gogounou, Kandi and Banikoara (Benin). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4, 1170-1179. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v4i4.63054
[20]
Le Barbé, L., Alé, G., Millet, B., Texier, H., Borel, Y. and Gualde, R. (1993) Les Ressources en Eaux Superficielles de la République du Bénin. Monographies Hydrologiques, ORSTOM, Paris.
[21]
Rodier, J.M., Malbec, L., Lauraine, E.P., Batel-Copel, L. and Bernadou, A. (1996) Mediastinal Infusion of Epirubicin and 5-Fluorouracil. A Complication of Totally Implantable Central Venous Systems. Report of a Case. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 122, 566-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01213554
[22]
Broekaert, E., Vandevelde, S., Be, V., Yates, R. and Slater, A. (2005) The Third Generation of Therapeutic Communities: The Early Development of the TC for Addictions in Europe. European Addiction Research, 12, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1159/000088577
[23]
Burgot, J.-L., Darchen, A. and Saidi, M. (2002) Cathodic Behavior of Some 5-Nitrophenyl-1,2-Dithiole-3-Thiones and 5-Nitrophenyl-1,2-Dithiole-3-Ones. Electrochimica Acta, 48, 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00481-4
[24]
WHO (2006) Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Volume 2: Swimming Pools and Similar Environments. Geneva, 118 p.
[25]
Derwich, E., Beziane, Z., Benaabidate, L. and Belghyti, D. (2008) Assessment of the Quality of Surface Water from Oueds Fez and Sebou Used in Market Gardening in Morocco. LARHYSS Journal, 7, 59-77.
[26]
Miquel, J.C. (2001) Environment and Biology of the Kara Sea: A General View for Contamination Studies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 43, 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00235-6
[27]
Biaou, D., Yabi, J.A., Yegbemey, R.N. and Biaou, G. (2016) Technical and Economic Performance of Cultural Practices for Management and Conservation of Soil Fertility in Market Gardening in the Commune of Malanville, North Benin. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 21, 201-211.
[28]
Yaka, D.A.M., Tiemeni, A.A., Zing, B.Z., Nenkam, T.L.L.J., Aboubakar, A., Nzeket, A.B., Tcholong, B.H.F. and Mewouo, Y.C.M. (2020) Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Groundwater and Health Risks in Some Districts of Yaoundé VII, Cameroon. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14, 1902-1920. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i5.32
[29]
Eblin, S.G., Sombo, A.P., Soro, G.M., Aka, N., Kambiré, O. and Soro, N. (2014) Hydrochemistry of Surface Waters in the Adiaké Region (Coastal Southeast of Ivory Coast). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 75, 6259-6271. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v75i1.10
[30]
Bitar, K., Jouilil, I., Delhi, R., Hilali, A., Benzha, F., Kaoukaya, A., Rhinane, H., Baidder, L. and Tahiri, M. (2013) Qualitative Assessment and Identification of Sources of Pollution in the L’oumerbia Watershed, Morocco. LARHYSS Journal, 14, 161-177.
